Horizontal and Vertical Transmission in Host-Associated Microbiomes

Microbiomes are ecological communities that thrive in a wide variety of habitats, including on or in animal hosts. This thesis presents analyses of two microbiome data sets associated with long-term ecological research projects: the Kluane Red Squirrel Project (Yukon, Canada) and the Algonquin Provincial Park Canada Jay Project (Ontario, Canada). Hypotheses related to horizontal and vertical transmission were tested to explain the drivers of microbial community composition in both host species. In the North American Red Squirrel fecal microbiome, spatial location (related to horizontal transmission) was the strongest predictor of microbial community composition. In the Canada jay, seasonality (i.e., sample collection season) and parental identity (vertical transmission) were strong predictors of oral microbial community composition, while spatial location was not

A Code of Gentoo Laws; or, Ordinations of the Pundits

In the second half of the eighteenth century, the English philologist Nathaniel Brassey Halhed (1751–1830) was employed in India by the East India Company. There he was asked to translate into English the Hindu legal code, so that the British authorities could better understand native laws. The result was this accomplished work, first published in 1776, which served to correct Western misinterpretations of Hindu law, and to show that it was fully adequate for application in Bengal, and also the most appropriate system, as opposed to Western-style laws, in the region's cultural and religious milieu. In preparing it, Halhed sought advice from experienced native lawyers, who provided verifications of both the Persian version and its Sanskrit original. Accompanied by the translator's preface and a glossary, this extensive code remains of relevance to scholars of Indian law and history.</jats:p

A Code of Gentoo laws, or, Ordinations of the pundits : from a Persian translation, made from the original, written in the Shanscrit language.

"A list of the books from whence this pootee was compiled ...": p. 26-28 of 2d group."Names of authors, quoted in this compilation": p.25 of 2d group."Glossary of such Shàscrit [!], Persian and Bengal words, as occur in this work: p. 7-23 or [of] 2d group."Names of the Bramins, who compiled this work": p. 6 of 2d group.Translated from the Vivādr̄ṇavasetu, a digest of Hindu law in 21 sections (taraṅga) compiled for Warren Hastings by the paṇḍits: Bāneśvara, Kṙipārāma, Rāma Gopāla, Krishṇajw̄ana, Vīreśvara, Kṛishṇacandra, Gaurīkānta, Kālīśaṅkara, Syāmasundara, Kṛishṇakeśava and Sītārm̄a. cf. Eggeling, Cat. of Sanskrit mss. in Library of the India office, pt. III, 1891, p. 458, no. 1506. The english translation by Nathaniel Brassey Halhed.Mode of access: Internet