Exophytic Giant Cell Glioblastoma in a Patient with Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Case Report

Giant cell glioblastoma multiforme (GCGBM) is an uncommon subtype within the spectrum of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) has an increased risk of developing neoplasms that generally are of a benign nature. We report a rare case of an exophytic GCGBM in a 43-year-old woman with NF1. The tumor located in the right frontal region was removed totally and the patient underwent radiotherapy with 60 Gy and chemotherapy with temozolomide

Factors Affecting the Outcome in Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Objective: To define risk factors affecting the outcome in traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage.Material and Methods: Forty-four patients with traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage were evaluated retrospectively. They were divided into three groups according to their age: elderly (≥65 years), adult (16- 64 years), and children (<16 years). The clinical picture on admission was evaluated using the Glasgow Coma Scale. The patients were also divided into three groups according to their coma grading on admission: mild injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score 13-15), moderate injury (8-12), and severe injury (3-7). The amount of subarachnoid blood shown in computerized tomography was evaluated according to the Fisher index, and additional tomography findings were recorded. At last follow-up, presence of headache and neurological deficits as well as return to work or school were investigated, and the last clinical picture was evaluated with the Glasgow Outcome Scale.Results: There were 11 children, 23 adults and 10 elderly patients. Twelve patients died between 1-49 days after trauma; the others were followed for a mean of 14.6 months (from 10 to 30 months). In the children group, Glasgow Coma Scale score was significantly higher (p=0.004), subarachnoid blood amount was significantly lesser, and Glasgow Outcome Scale score was significantly better compared to the other groups. For all groups, higher trauma severity on admission was associated with higher Fisher index (p=0.016). Most important factors affecting clinical results were severity of head injury on admission (p=0.0001), Fisher index (p=0.003), and presence of additional findings on computerized tomography (p=0.0001).Conclusion: Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage usually has a good clinical outcome in children; however, in elderly patients, the outcome is worse, and there are usually additional intracranial traumatic lesions. Most important factors affecting outcome are blood amount on first computerized tomography, head trauma severity, and presence of additional intracranial traumatic lesions

A case of aneurysmal bone cyst with cranial expansion

We review recent developments in real-time simulations of SU(2)-Higgs theorynear the electroweak transition and related topics

Imatinib mesylate decreases the cytotoxic effect of roscovitine on human glioblastoma cells in vitro and the role of midkine

The purpose of the present study was to overcome resistance to imatinib (IM) by combining it with roscovitine (ROSC) and to investigate whether or not midkine (MK) had an effect on this combination in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBL). Human T98 GBL cells were used to evaluate the effects of IM (10 μM), ROSC (200 μM) and their combination on the cell proliferation index, apoptotic index, the apoptotic protein and anti-apoptotic protein levels, and ultrastructure. All applications decreased the cell proliferation index and increased the apoptotic index, but ROSC was the most efficient drug and the second most efficient drug was IM. Notably, ROSC increased anti-apoptotic proteins levels (PDGFR-α, AQP-4, hTERT), COX-1 activity and ribosome numbers. The effects of ROSC on hTERT, MK, AQP-4 and MRP-1 levels and COX-1 activity were reported for the first time. ROSC induced the highest increase in caspase-3 levels. Autophagy was not involved in the activity of ROSC in GBL spheroids. The combination of IM with ROSC showed an antagonist effect in the treatment of human GBL cells. The combination group decreased certain anti-apoptotic protein levels (PDGFR-α, EGFR, p-gp, MRP-1 and MK), cAMP levels, COX-1 activity and apoptotic protein levels (caspase-3). However, it induced the highest increase in hTERT levels and COX-2 activity. Ribosome numbers were much lower than those in the ROSC group and no autophagic vacuole was observed. In conclusion, more investigations are required to identify the key regulatory components that are responsible for this antagonism; however, the determination of this combination therapy as a failure therapy may be precautionary for oncologists in the treatment of GBL patients and potentially may contribute to the efficacy of new therapeutic regimens