On the sandstorms and associated airborne dustfall episodes observed at Cheongwon in Korea in 2005

Sandstorms in the desert and loess regions of north-northwestern China and Mongolia, as well as the associated dustfall episodes in the Korean Peninsula, were monitored between January and December 2005. Composite color images were made on the basis of data received directly from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite advanced very high resolution radiometer, and the distribution and transport of dust clouds were analyzed. The ground concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 and visibility during dustfall episodes (where the PM10 concentration exceeds 190 μg m−3 for at least 2 h) were also analyzed at Cheongwon, in central South Korea, which lies in the leeward direction from the origin of sandstorms. Fewer strong sandstorms occurred in the places of origin in 2005, mainly because of the snow cover with moderate high and low pressure systems in the place of dust origin. The weather patterns explain why there were fewer dustfall episodes in Korea in 2005 than in the period between 1997 and 2004. A total of seven dustfall episodes were monitored in Korea in 2005 and they covered a period of 11 days. In the summer of 2005, sandstorms occurred less frequently in the source region due to high humidity and weaker winds; as a result, there were no dustfall episodes in Korea. When the sandstorms at the source headed directly to Korea without passing through any large cities or industrial areas of China, the PM2.5 concentrations were up to 20% of the PM10 concentrations. However, when the sandstorms headed to Korea via the industrial areas of eastern China, where they pick up anthropogenic air pollutants, the PM2.5 concentrations were at least 25% of the PM10 concentrations. In five of the cases that were observed and analyzed in 2005, the PM10 concentrations of the sand dust that originated in the deserts were 190 μg m−3 or less, which is below the level of a dustfall episode

A Study on electronic procurement

Thesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Business Administration,2000The tremendous growth of the Internet has led a critical mass of suppliers and customers to participate in the global online marketplace. The rapid adoption of the Internet as a procurement tool has caused firms to experiment with innovative ways of purchasing in computer-mediated environment. The Internet and the World Wide Web are changing the inefficient, complex, costly purchasing processes and improving them in terms of quality, flexibility, and lead-time. The market for systems and services to support business-to-business relationships is one of the hottest areas of growth in Internet-commerce today. This paper addresses the main issues and the values firms can derive from using electronic procurement. First, the paper proposes a framework for examining electronic procurement including the role of the government and industry. The paper then examines the main factors that have led to the implementation of electronic procurement, evaluating the benefits it provides to both suppliers and customers. The paper illustrates these through examples of successful early adopters from business to business electronic commerce including the case of POSCO. The paper finally reviews some of the current issues in electronic procurement systems and suggests recommendations for purchasing professionals in pursuit of electronic procurement development.Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION Chapter 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ON E-PROCUREMENT Chapter 3. IMPLEMENTATION OF E-PROCUREMENT Chapter 4. CASE STUDIES OF E-PROCUREMENT Chapter 5. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSmasterpublishedby Hak Yong Kim