Isolation and Screening of Spore-forming and Siderophore-producing Bacteria from the Wheat Rhizosphere

Salinity is one of the important stresses affecting the growth and yield of crops. Using rhizobacteria to reduce the harmful effects of salinity stress on plants is an effective and promising method. This research aims to isolate and screen siderophore-producing rhizobacteria that tolerate salt stress. After transferring the soil sample to the laboratory and applying heat treatment, rhizobacteria were cultured on nutrient agar. Then, the ability to produce siderophores by isolated rhizobacteria was measured using a liquid CAS assay. Consequently, the best siderophore-producing strains were selected and their ability to produce siderophores under 1.2% and 1.8% salinity stress conditions was investigated. The data obtained from the isolation of all siderophore-producing rhizobacteria were analyzed based on a completely randomized design (CRD) and the data collected from examining the ability to produce siderophore under salt stress were analyzed as a factorial based on a completely randomized design. Duncan's multiple range tests were used to compare the means. All data were analyzed using Excel and SAS software. The results showed that all isolated rhizobacteria strains could produce siderophores. K (0.933) and L (0.925) strains had the highest siderophore units, respectively. Additionally, strains F, H, L, and K produced more than 94% siderophore units under 1.2% salt stress. The findings of this study showed that there is a high diversity in terms of siderophore production in Iranian native strains. Moreover, strains F, H, L, and K can potentially be considered plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under salinity due to their ability to produce siderophores under salt stress

بررسی و مقایسه‌ی بیماری «ذیابیطِس»، درطب سنّتی ایران و بیماری «دیابت»، در طب کلاسیک

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood sugar (hyperglycemia). The classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus include polyuria, polydipsia and weight loss. The texts of Iranian traditional medicine refers to the ziabites disease that its symptoms like to the classic symptoms of diabetes. According to this texts, A study about this disease, in classical medicine and Iranian traditional medicine was performed. In this research that is a literature review, ten major and valid books of Iranian traditional medicine was investigated. At first, profile of ziabites disease including definitions, causes, types, signs and symptoms, ways of prevention and treatment were extracted from these books. Then in order to obtain scientific material related to classical medicine, major books of internal medicine Was investigated and information about scientific articles obtained by studying some of the Iranian traditional medicine journals and searching through Pubmed, Iranmedex, SID, Google scholar. According to the survey in Iranian traditional medicine books, the main symptoms of ziabites disease are thirsty and drinking lots of fluids, excessive excretion of urine (Boul), slimming and weight loss (hozal and nahafat). Also, two main causes for this disease is mentioned that includes extreme hot dystemprament of kidneys (the most common) and cold dystemprament of kidneys or all of the body (the rarest) and In Iranian traditional medicine for prevention and control of disease is highly emphasized to applying of six essential principles of life. Also, various  strategies in the treatment (according to the hot and cold dystempramental causes) is recommended that this prevention and control recommendations according to review of scientific articles and texts related to classical medicine are largely confirmed. Generally, the findings indicate that not only signs and symptoms of diabites and ziabites disease are similar, but also many of the preventional and therapeutical strategies in classical medicine and Iranian traditional medicine, to control of disease are similar. In addition, according to temperament theory in Iranian traditional medicine, in order to control of disease, different treatments in various temperaments are recommended and same to classical medicine (regardless of temperament theory), the treatments are not performed similar for all individuals.دیابت شیرین (Diabetes Mellitus) یک اختلال متابولیک شایع است که ویژگی بارز آن افزایش قند خون (هیپرگلیسمی) است. نشانه‌های کلاسیک دیابت شیرین شامل پُرادراری (پلی اوری)، پُرنوشی (پلی دیپسی) و کاهش وزن (Weight loss) است. با توجه به این‌که در متون طب سنّتی ایران از این بیماری به نام «ذیابیطس» نام برده شده است که علایمی شبیه به نشانه‌های کلاسیک دیابت دارد مطالعه‌ای درباره‌ی این بیماری در طب کلاسیک و طب سنّتی ایران انجام شد. در این تحقیق که یک بررسی در متون است، ده کتاب اصلی و معتبر طب سنّتی ایران بررسی شد. ابتدا مشخصات بیماری ذیابیطس از جمله تعاریف، علل، انواع، علامات، راه‌های پیش‌گیری و درمان از این کتب استخراج گردید و سپس جهت به‌دست آوردن مطالب علمی مربوط به طب کلاسیک، کتب اصلی طب داخلی بررسی شد و اطلاعات مربوط به مقالات علمی با بررسی برخی از مجلات طب سنّتی ایران و جست‌‌وجو از طریق «Google Scholar, Iran medex SID, Pub med» به‌دست آمد. طبق بررسی انجام شده در کتب طب سنّتی ایران از نشانه‌های اصلی بیماری ذیابیطس، تشنگی و نوشیدن زیاد مایعات، دفع زیاد بول، هزال و نحافت بدن (لاغری و کاهش وزن) را می‌توان نام برد و دو علت اصلی برای ایجاد این بیماری ذکر شده است که شامل سوء مزاج گرم مفرط کلیه‌ها (شایع‌ترین علت) و سوء مزاج سرد کلیه‌ها یا جمیع بدن (نادرترین علت) می‌باشد. در طب سنّتی ایران برای پیش‌گیری و کنترل بیماری بر رعایت تدابیر اصول شش‌گانه ضروری حیات (ستّه‌ی ضروریه) تأکید فراوانی شده و در درمان این بیماری راهکارهای مختلفی (بر حسب علل سوء مزاجی گرم یا سرد) توصیه شده است که با توجه به بررسی متون کتب طب کلاسیک و مقالات علمی روز، این راه‌کارهای پیش‌گیری و درمانی تا حد زیادی مورد تأیید است. به‌طور کلی یافته‌های به‌دست آمده، نشان دهنده این مطلب است که نه تنها بیماری دیابت و بیماری ذیابیطس از نظر علامت و نشانه‌های بیماری به هم شباهت دارند بلکه بسیاری از راه‌کارهای پیش‌گیری و درمانی توصیه شده در طب کلاسیک و طب سنّتی ایران، برای کنترل این بیماری مشابه است و علاوه بر آن با توجه به وجود نظریه‌ی مزاج در طب سنّتی ایران، برای کنترل این بیماری درمان‌های متفاوتی در مزاج‌های مختلف، توصیه شده است و مانند طب کلاسیک (بدون درنظر گرفتن مزاج)، درمان یکسان برای همه‌ی افراد انجام نمی‌گیرد

Spatial Distribution of Arsenic under the Influence of Chemical Fertilizers Using Geostatistics in Eghlid, Fars, Iran

Background & Aims of the Study: The aim of this study is spatial distribution of arsenic (As) under the influence of chemical fertilizers using geostatistics in city of Eghlid, Iran. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive study, spatial distribution of arsenic was randomly investigated in 100 soil samples and its content was measured by ICP-OES. Spatial distribution of As and geostatistics were studied by ArcGIS software. Data distribution normality was performed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; and then Pearson correlation coefficient was used for correlation analysis. Results: The mean concentration of As was 1.85 mg/kg in the studied area and its change range was 2.08 mg/kg with the minimum and maximum concentration of 0.90 and 2.98 mg/kg respectively. Since the mean concentration of this element was estimated equal to 5 mg/kg in the world's soil, the mean concentration of As was lower than its global value and higher than the qualitative standard in the studied area. Also, the correlation of As with lead (Pb) was 0.406 which was significant at the level of 99%. Therefore, lead was used as the auxiliary data for As zoning.  The results of the geostatistics, cokriging method showed that the highest precision due to the lower error of RMSE and RMSS (RMSE = 0.001, RMSS = 1.052), and thus map of spatial distribution of As was provided on this basis. Conclusions: Results indicated that the dense agricultural soils located in the center of studied area had the highest concentration of As, but the northwestern poor agricultural soils had the highest concentration of As in studied area