35 research outputs found
Open quantum dynamics of single-photon optomechanical devices
We study the quantum dynamics of a Michelson interferometer with Fabry-Perot
cavity arms and one movable end mirror, and driven by a single photon --- an
optomechanical device previously studied by Marshall et al. as a device that
searches for gravity decoherence. We obtain an exact analytical solution for
the system's quantum mechanical equations of motion, including details about
the exchange of the single photon between the cavity mode and the external
continuum. The resulting time evolution of the interferometer's fringe
visibility displays interesting new features when the incoming photon's
frequency uncertainty is narrower or comparable to the cavity's line width ---
only in the limiting case of much broader-band photon does the result return to
that of Marshall et al., but in this case the photon is not very likely to
enter the cavity and interact with the mirror, making the experiment less
efficient and more susceptible to imperfections. In addition, we show that in
the strong-coupling regime, by engineering the incoming photon's wave function,
it is possible to prepare the movable mirror into an arbitrary quantum state of
a multi-dimensional Hilbert space.Comment: 14 pages and 9 figures. Comments are welcom
PharmacyGPT: The AI Pharmacist
In this study, we introduce PharmacyGPT, a novel framework to assess the
capabilities of large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and GPT-4 in
emulating the role of clinical pharmacists. Our methodology encompasses the
utilization of LLMs to generate comprehensible patient clusters, formulate
medication plans, and forecast patient outcomes. We conduct our investigation
using real data acquired from the intensive care unit (ICU) at the University
of North Carolina Chapel Hill (UNC) Hospital. Our analysis offers valuable
insights into the potential applications and limitations of LLMs in the field
of clinical pharmacy, with implications for both patient care and the
development of future AI-driven healthcare solutions. By evaluating the
performance of PharmacyGPT, we aim to contribute to the ongoing discourse
surrounding the integration of artificial intelligence in healthcare settings,
ultimately promoting the responsible and efficacious use of such technologies
When Brain-inspired AI Meets AGI
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) has been a long-standing goal of
humanity, with the aim of creating machines capable of performing any
intellectual task that humans can do. To achieve this, AGI researchers draw
inspiration from the human brain and seek to replicate its principles in
intelligent machines. Brain-inspired artificial intelligence is a field that
has emerged from this endeavor, combining insights from neuroscience,
psychology, and computer science to develop more efficient and powerful AI
systems. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of brain-inspired
AI from the perspective of AGI. We begin with the current progress in
brain-inspired AI and its extensive connection with AGI. We then cover the
important characteristics for both human intelligence and AGI (e.g., scaling,
multimodality, and reasoning). We discuss important technologies toward
achieving AGI in current AI systems, such as in-context learning and prompt
tuning. We also investigate the evolution of AGI systems from both algorithmic
and infrastructural perspectives. Finally, we explore the limitations and
future of AGI
Exploring the Trade-Offs: Unified Large Language Models vs Local Fine-Tuned Models for Highly-Specific Radiology NLI Task
Recently, ChatGPT and GPT-4 have emerged and gained immense global attention
due to their unparalleled performance in language processing. Despite
demonstrating impressive capability in various open-domain tasks, their
adequacy in highly specific fields like radiology remains untested. Radiology
presents unique linguistic phenomena distinct from open-domain data due to its
specificity and complexity. Assessing the performance of large language models
(LLMs) in such specific domains is crucial not only for a thorough evaluation
of their overall performance but also for providing valuable insights into
future model design directions: whether model design should be generic or
domain-specific. To this end, in this study, we evaluate the performance of
ChatGPT/GPT-4 on a radiology NLI task and compare it to other models fine-tuned
specifically on task-related data samples. We also conduct a comprehensive
investigation on ChatGPT/GPT-4's reasoning ability by introducing varying
levels of inference difficulty. Our results show that 1) GPT-4 outperforms
ChatGPT in the radiology NLI task; 2) other specifically fine-tuned models
require significant amounts of data samples to achieve comparable performance
to ChatGPT/GPT-4. These findings demonstrate that constructing a generic model
that is capable of solving various tasks across different domains is feasible
Artificial General Intelligence for Radiation Oncology
The emergence of artificial general intelligence (AGI) is transforming
radiation oncology. As prominent vanguards of AGI, large language models (LLMs)
such as GPT-4 and PaLM 2 can process extensive texts and large vision models
(LVMs) such as the Segment Anything Model (SAM) can process extensive imaging
data to enhance the efficiency and precision of radiation therapy. This paper
explores full-spectrum applications of AGI across radiation oncology including
initial consultation, simulation, treatment planning, treatment delivery,
treatment verification, and patient follow-up. The fusion of vision data with
LLMs also creates powerful multimodal models that elucidate nuanced clinical
patterns. Together, AGI promises to catalyze a shift towards data-driven,
personalized radiation therapy. However, these models should complement human
expertise and care. This paper provides an overview of how AGI can transform
radiation oncology to elevate the standard of patient care in radiation
oncology, with the key insight being AGI's ability to exploit multimodal
clinical data at scale
AD-AutoGPT: An Autonomous GPT for Alzheimer's Disease Infodemiology
In this pioneering study, inspired by AutoGPT, the state-of-the-art
open-source application based on the GPT-4 large language model, we develop a
novel tool called AD-AutoGPT which can conduct data collection, processing, and
analysis about complex health narratives of Alzheimer's Disease in an
autonomous manner via users' textual prompts. We collated comprehensive data
from a variety of news sources, including the Alzheimer's Association, BBC,
Mayo Clinic, and the National Institute on Aging since June 2022, leading to
the autonomous execution of robust trend analyses, intertopic distance maps
visualization, and identification of salient terms pertinent to Alzheimer's
Disease. This approach has yielded not only a quantifiable metric of relevant
discourse but also valuable insights into public focus on Alzheimer's Disease.
This application of AD-AutoGPT in public health signifies the transformative
potential of AI in facilitating a data-rich understanding of complex health
narratives like Alzheimer's Disease in an autonomous manner, setting the
groundwork for future AI-driven investigations in global health landscapes.Comment: 20 pages, 4 figure
Surviving ChatGPT in healthcare
At the dawn of of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), the emergence of large language models such as ChatGPT show promise in revolutionizing healthcare by improving patient care, expanding medical access, and optimizing clinical processes. However, their integration into healthcare systems requires careful consideration of potential risks, such as inaccurate medical advice, patient privacy violations, the creation of falsified documents or images, overreliance on AGI in medical education, and the perpetuation of biases. It is crucial to implement proper oversight and regulation to address these risks, ensuring the safe and effective incorporation of AGI technologies into healthcare systems. By acknowledging and mitigating these challenges, AGI can be harnessed to enhance patient care, medical knowledge, and healthcare processes, ultimately benefiting society as a whole
ChatRadio-Valuer: A Chat Large Language Model for Generalizable Radiology Report Generation Based on Multi-institution and Multi-system Data
Radiology report generation, as a key step in medical image analysis, is
critical to the quantitative analysis of clinically informed decision-making
levels. However, complex and diverse radiology reports with cross-source
heterogeneity pose a huge generalizability challenge to the current methods
under massive data volume, mainly because the style and normativity of
radiology reports are obviously distinctive among institutions, body regions
inspected and radiologists. Recently, the advent of large language models (LLM)
offers great potential for recognizing signs of health conditions. To resolve
the above problem, we collaborate with the Second Xiangya Hospital in China and
propose ChatRadio-Valuer based on the LLM, a tailored model for automatic
radiology report generation that learns generalizable representations and
provides a basis pattern for model adaptation in sophisticated analysts' cases.
Specifically, ChatRadio-Valuer is trained based on the radiology reports from a
single institution by means of supervised fine-tuning, and then adapted to
disease diagnosis tasks for human multi-system evaluation (i.e., chest,
abdomen, muscle-skeleton, head, and maxillofacial neck) from six different
institutions in clinical-level events. The clinical dataset utilized in this
study encompasses a remarkable total of \textbf{332,673} observations. From the
comprehensive results on engineering indicators, clinical efficacy and
deployment cost metrics, it can be shown that ChatRadio-Valuer consistently
outperforms state-of-the-art models, especially ChatGPT (GPT-3.5-Turbo) and
GPT-4 et al., in terms of the diseases diagnosis from radiology reports.
ChatRadio-Valuer provides an effective avenue to boost model generalization
performance and alleviate the annotation workload of experts to enable the
promotion of clinical AI applications in radiology reports
Application of Bayesian super-resolution imaging algorithm to micro–nano satellite images
Thymalfasin therapy accelerates COVID-19 pneumonia rehabilitation through anti-inflammatory mechanisms
Abstract Introduction Thymosin drugs are commonly used for the treatment of viral infections due to their immunomodulatory effects. The comprehensive clinical efficacy of Thymalfasin therapy for COVID-19 associated pneumonia is not yet fully researched, another issue, whether the use of thymosin drugs can reduce the rate of COVID-19 progression to severe pneumonia has not been well documented. The aim of the present study was to multi-angle evaluate the clinical efficacy of Thymalfasin therapy for COVID-19 pneumonia by retrospective review of the clinical data of 338 inpatients with common COVID-19 infection who received treatment in our hospital. Methods The primary index of observation was whether progression to severe pneumonia occurred within a week after admission, and the secondary indexes were the length of hospital stay, time of negative conversion of COVID-19 antigen, the number of peripheral lymphocytes and white blood cells (WBC), and C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) levels,and the control of pneumonia related symptoms, for example, fever, listlessness, inflammatory exudate area shown on lung CT (%). Results The length of hospital stay of patients in Thymalfasin group was significantly shorter than that of patients in the control group (p < 0.01). The proportion of relief of pneumonia related symptoms (fever, fatigue) in the Thymalfasin therapy group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the inflammatory exudate area shown on CT was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the use of Thymalfasin was an independent protective factor affecting the progression to severe pneumonia. Multifactorial Cox model analysis indicated that negative conversion of COVID-19 antigen was significantly faster in patients using Thymalfasin and younger patients. Conclusion Thymalfasin therapy has shown excellent clinical efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia, it can reduce inflammatory reactions, promote the relief of COVID-19 pneumonia related symptoms such as fever and fatigue, facilitate effusion absorption, and accelerate COVID-19 pneumonia recovery. Thymalfasin can prevent progression of common COVID-19 infection to severe pneumonia via multiple immunity-enhancing and anti-inflammatory protective mechanisms