Modern Greek as a Second Language: A Proposal for Professional Development.

Alexandros Haidas, Ioannis Karras, Julia Athena SpinthourakisPlease note: this article is written in Greek. The aim of this paper is to present the results of a case study conducted to identify the educational/training needs of primary school teachers teaching Greek as a foreign/second language (GFL/GSL). We focus on the use of computer aided language learning and other technologies. The findings of this study revealed the lack of training teachers have in the aforementioned area. The training programme that has been created to cover these needs is based on both a distance learning format and in-house seminars. The goal of the training programme is to equip teachers with the necessary tools and skills, both theoretical and practical, so as to more effectively teach GFL/GSL. The programme endeavours to cover the needs of all involved (pre-service, in-service teachers and postgraduate students)

Oxygen carrying capacity of salvaged blood in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery : a prospective observational study

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative cell salvage (ICS), hereby referred to ‘mechanical red cell salvage’, has been widely used and proven to be an effective way to reduce or avoid the need for allogeneic red blood cells (RBCs)transfusion and its associated complications in surgeries involving major blood loss. However, little is known about the influence of this technique on the functional state of salvaged RBCs. Furthermore, there are no articles that describe the change of free hemoglobin (fHb) in salvage blood during storage, which is a key index of the quality control of salvaged blood. Therefore, in this study, the influence of ICS on the function of salvaged RBCs and the changes of salvaged RBCs during storage were studied with respect to the presence of oxyhemoglobin affinity (recorded as a P(50) value) and the level of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate (2, 3-DPG) and fHb by comparing salvaged RBCs with self-venous RBCs and 2-week-old packed RBCs. METHODS: Fifteen patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) surgery were enrolled. Blood was collected and processed using a Dideco Electa device. The level of P(50), 2, 3-DPG and fHB from salvaged RBCs, venous RBCs and 2-week-old packed RBCs was measured. We also measured the changes of these indicators among salvaged RBCs at 4 h (storage at 21–24 °C) and at 24 h (storage at 1–6 °C). RESULTS: The P(50) value of salvaged RBCs at 0 h (28.77 ± 0.27 mmHg) was significantly higher than the value of venous RBCs (27.07 ± 0.23 mmHg, p = 0.000) and the value of the 2-week-old packed RBCs (16.26 ± 0.62 mmHg, p = 0.000). P(50) value did not change obviously at 4 h (p = 0.121) and 24 h (p = 0.384) compared with the value at 0 h. The 2, 3-DPG value of salvaged RBCs at 0 h (17.94 ± 6.91 μmol/g Hb) was significantly higher than the value of venous RBCs (12.73 ± 6.52 mmHg, p = 0.007) and the value of the 2-week-old packed RBCs (2.62 ± 3.13 mmHg, p = 0.000). The level of 2, 3-DPG slightly decreased at 4 h (p = 0.380) and 24 h (p = 0.425) compared with the value at 0 h. Percentage of hemolysis of the salvaged blood at 0 h(0.51 ± 0.27 %) was significantly higher than the level of venous blood (0.07 ± 0.05 %, p = 0.000) and the value of 2-week-old packed RBCs (0.07 ± 0.05 %, p = 0.000), and reached 1.11 ± 0.42 % at 4 h (p = 0.002) and 1.83 ± 0.77 % at 24 h (p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: The oxygen transport function of salvaged RBCs at 0 h was not influenced by the cell salvage process and was better than that of the venous RBCs and 2-week-old packed RBCs. At the end of storage, the oxygen transport function of salvaged RBCs did not change obviously, but percentage of hemolysis significantly increased

Interdisciplinary emergency unit. Case numbers of the German hospital landscape in relation to internal care levels. An evaluation of the present situation and conclusions with a view to the future.

Diese Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zur Fallzahlenstruktur von Krankenhäusern unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Einweisungsgrundes. Bei der Untersuchung von Krankenhäusern unterschiedlicher Spezialisierung stellte sich heraus, dass die Zahlen der so genannten Selbsteinweiser konstant steigen. Dies trifft insbesondere auf Notfallaufnahmen zu. Dementsprechend hat die Evaluierung der Fallzahlen von verschiedenen Notfallaufnahmen die steigende Bedeutung dieser Abteilung für die jeweiligen Häuser aufgezeigt. Da das Gesundheitswesen zukünftig vor vielfältigen Herausforderungen steht, soll diese wissenschaftliche Untersuchung Erkenntnisse von grundlegender Bedeutung für Organisation und Raumprogramm zukünftiger Notfallversorgung zusammentragen. Dabei fließen neben architektonischen Gesichtspunkten auch aktuelle politische, medizinische und volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionen in die Überlegungen ein. Das Ziel sind bessere Effizienz und Qualität in den Arbeitsabläufen und in der Personalstruktur. Sie sind unabdingbare Voraussetzung dafür, dass die Not¬fall¬auf¬nahme als selbstständige Organisationseinheit zur Versorgung aller Notfallpatienten aufgebaut werden kann, ohne vom Restbetrieb Krankenhaus abhängig zu sein. Des Weiteren sollte die Personalstruktur ein zügiges „Entlassen“ eines zufriedenen Patienten ermöglichen, d.h. entscheidungsberechtigte Facharztpräsenz und qualitative Pflege ist notwendig und muss unabhängig von anderen Stationen vorhanden sein. Ziel dieser Arbeit war auch, diese Thesen zur Notfallaufnahme im Krankenhaus zu diskutieren und durch eine Fragebogenaktion in einem empirisch-statistischen Teil zu dokumentieren und zu untersuchen. Dabei wurde auch festgestellt, dass gerade bei dem Thema der strukturellen Ausstattung einer Notfallaufnahme ein großer Konsens zwischen Planern und Nutzern besteht. Abschließend versucht die Arbeit, die Idee eines Idealtypischen Modells unter dem Gesichtspunkt der äußeren wie auch inneren Krankenhausstruktur zu doku¬men¬tieren. Dazu wurden die Erkenntnisse der Fragebogenaktion und der Fall¬beispiel¬unter¬suchungen herangezogen, um das Ergebnis der Arbeit zu untermauern: Eine zentrale, interdisziplinäre Notfallaufnahme stellt den Idealtyp für die Patientenaufnahme von Notfällen und für den reibungsfreien Ablauf eines Krankenhausbetriebes dar.The present paper deals with the case structure of hospitals taking account of the reason for referral of patients. The investigation of hospitals specializing in different fields resulted in the fact that the number of so-called self–referrers is steadily increasing. This particularly applies to emergency units. Accordingly, the evaluation of the cases from various emergency units has revealed the growing importance of this unit for the respective hospitals. Given that the health system will face a diversity of challenges in the future, the present scientific study is meant to collect knowledge that is of fundamental importance with respect to both the organization and the room/space planning of future emergency units. Besides architectural aspects, current political, medicinal and economic discussions shall be reflected in the author’s considerations. The objective to be achieved is increased efficiency and better quality of the workflow and of the staff structure. These are indispensable prerequisites for the emergency unit to be designed as an autonomous organizational unit allowing care for all emergency patients without depending on the hospital as such. Furthermore, the staff structure of the emergency unit should enable timely release of a satisfied patient, which means that the presence of a specialist physician who is authorized to make decisions and high-quality care must be provided for independently from other wards. Furthermore, the present paper discusses the above theses about emergency admission to the hospital and provides a documentation and analysis of such theses by means of a questionnaire-based survey in its empirical-statistical part. This analysis revealed that particularly with regard to the issue of the structural conditions of an emergency unit, there is a high consensus between the planners and the users. Finally, this paper is an attempt at documenting the conception of an ideal-typical model with a view to the external and the internal structure of the hospital. To underpin the conclusion of the paper, the findings from the questionnaire-based survey and the case analyses have been referred to: A centralized, interdisciplinary emergency unit is the ideal type for the admission of emergency patients and for a smooth workflow in the hospital

Kamus bahasa Indonesia-Jambi

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