Pteridine-2,4-diamine derivatives as radical scavengers and inhibitors of lipoxygenase that can possess anti-inflammatory properties

BACKGROUND: Reactive oxygen species are associated with inflammation implicated in cancer, atherosclerosis and autoimmune diseases. The complex nature of inflammation and of oxidative stress suggests that dual-target agents may be effective in combating diseases involving reactive oxygen species. RESULTS: A novel series of N-substituted 2,4-diaminopteridines has been synthesized and evaluated as antioxidants in several assays. Many exhibited potent lipid antioxidant properties, and some are inhibitors of soybean lipoxygenase, IC50 values extending down to 100 nM for both targets. Several pteridine derivatives showed efficacy at 0.01 mmol/kg with little tissue damage in a rat model of colitis. 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)pteridin-4-amine (18f) at 0.01 mmol/kg exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity (reduction by 41%). CONCLUSION: The 2,4-diaminopteridine core represents a new scaffold for lipoxygenase inhibition as well as sustaining anti-inflammatory properties

N-Acylated and N-Alkylated 2-Aminobenzothiazoles Are Novel Agents That Suppress the Generation of Prostaglandin E2.

The quest for novel agents to regulate the generation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is of high importance because this eicosanoid is a key player in inflammatory diseases. We synthesized a series of N-acylated and N-alkylated 2-aminobenzothiazoles and related heterocycles (benzoxazoles and benzimidazoles) and evaluated their ability to suppress the cytokine-stimulated generation of PGE2 in rat mesangial cells. 2-Aminobenzothiazoles, either acylated by the 3-(naphthalen-2-yl)propanoyl moiety (GK510) or N-alkylated by a chain carrying a naphthalene (GK543) or a phenyl moiety (GK562) at a distance of three carbon atoms, stand out in inhibiting PGE2 generation, with EC50 values ranging from 118 nM to 177 nM. Both GK510 and GK543 exhibit in vivo anti-inflammatory activity greater than that of indomethacin. Thus, N-acylated or N-alkylated 2-aminobenzothiazoles are novel leads for the regulation of PGE2 formation

Synthesis, antioxidant properties and neuroprotection of α-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone derived HomoBisNitrones in in vitro and in vivo ischemia models

We herein report the synthesis, antioxidant power and neuroprotective properties of nine homo-bis-nitrones HBNs1–9 as alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) analogues for stroke therapy. In vitro neuroprotection studies of HBNs1–9 against Oligomycin A/Rotenone and in an oxygen-glucose-deprivation model of ischemia in human neuroblastoma cell cultures, indicate that (1Z,1′Z)-1,1′-(1,3-phenylene)bis(N-benzylmethanimine oxide) (HBN6) is a potent neuroprotective agent that prevents the decrease in neuronal metabolic activity (EC = 1.24 ± 0.39 μM) as well as necrotic and apoptotic cell death. HBN6 shows strong hydroxyl radical scavenger power (81%), and capacity to decrease superoxide production in human neuroblastoma cell cultures (maximal activity = 95.8 ± 3.6%), values significantly superior to the neuroprotective and antioxidant properties of the parent PBN. The higher neuroprotective ability of HBN6 has been rationalized by means of Density Functional Theory calculations. Calculated physicochemical and ADME properties confirmed HBN6 as a hit-agent showing suitable drug-like properties. Finally, the contribution of HBN6 to brain damage prevention was confirmed in a permanent MCAO setting by assessing infarct volume outcome 48 h after stroke in drug administered experimental animals, which provides evidence of a significant reduction of the brain lesion size and strongly suggests that HBN6 is a potential neuroprotective agent against stroke.We would like to thank Soledad Martinez Montero for the excellent technical assistance. This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2015-65586-R to JMC; CTQ2016- 78205-P and CTQ2016-81797-REDC to IF, and NEUROCENTRO-CM S2017/BMD3760 to RMM and DNG), and Camilo José Cela University (UCJC-2018-04) to MJOG. DDI thanks the University of Alcalá and Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for pre-doctoral FPU grants. BCG thanks the Spanish Ministr

Synthesis and biological evaluation of new quinoxaline derivatives as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents

We report the synthesis, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of novel quinoxaline and quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives. Microwave assisted methods have been used in order to optimize reaction times and to improve the yields. The tested compounds presented important scavenging activities and promising in vitro inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase. Two of the best lipoxygenase inhibitors (compounds 7b and 8f) were evaluated as in vivo anti-inflammatory agents using the carrageenin-induced edema model. One of them (compound 7b) showed important in vivo anti-inflammatory effect (41%) similar to that of indomethacin (47%) used as the reference drug

Breakthroughs in medicinal chemistry: New targets and mechanisms, new drugs, new hopes-6

Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New Drugs, New Hopes is a series of Editorials that is published on a biannual basis by the Editorial Board of the Medicinal Chemistry section of the journal Molecules [...]

Exploiting members of the BAHD acyltransferase family to synthesize multiple hydroxycinnamate and benzoate conjugates in yeast

BACKGROUND: BAHD acyltransferases, named after the first four biochemically characterized enzymes of the group, are plant-specific enzymes that catalyze the transfer of coenzyme A-activated donors onto various acceptor molecules. They are responsible for the synthesis in plants of a myriad of secondary metabolites, some of which are beneficial for humans either as therapeutics or as specialty chemicals such as flavors and fragrances. The production of pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and commodity chemicals using engineered microbes is an alternative, green route to energy-intensive chemical syntheses that consume petroleum-based precursors. However, identification of appropriate enzymes and validation of their functional expression in heterologous hosts is a prerequisite for the design and implementation of metabolic pathways in microbes for the synthesis of such target chemicals. RESULTS: For the synthesis of valuable metabolites in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we selected BAHD acyltransferases based on their preferred donor and acceptor substrates. In particular, BAHDs that use hydroxycinnamoyl-CoAs and/or benzoyl-CoA as donors were targeted because a large number of molecules beneficial to humans belong to this family of hydroxycinnamate and benzoate conjugates. The selected BAHD coding sequences were synthesized and cloned individually on a vector containing the Arabidopsis gene At4CL5, which encodes a promiscuous 4-coumarate:CoA ligase active on hydroxycinnamates and benzoates. The various S. cerevisiae strains obtained for co-expression of At4CL5 with the different BAHDs effectively produced a wide array of valuable hydroxycinnamate and benzoate conjugates upon addition of adequate combinations of donors and acceptor molecules. In particular, we report here for the first time the production in yeast of rosmarinic acid and its derivatives, quinate hydroxycinnamate esters such as chlorogenic acid, and glycerol hydroxycinnamate esters. Similarly, we achieved for the first time the microbial production of polyamine hydroxycinnamate amides; monolignol, malate and fatty alcohol hydroxycinnamate esters; tropane alkaloids; and benzoate/caffeate alcohol esters. In some instances, the additional expression of Flavobacterium johnsoniae tyrosine ammonia-lyase (FjTAL) allowed the synthesis of p-coumarate conjugates and eliminated the need to supplement the culture media with 4-hydroxycinnamate. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate in this study the effectiveness of expressing members of the plant BAHD acyltransferase family in yeast for the synthesis of numerous valuable hydroxycinnamate and benzoate conjugates

Retention of substituted coumarins using immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) chromatography: A comparative study with n-octanol partitioning and reversed-phase HPLC and TLC

The chromatographic indices log kwIAM have been determined by HPLC on an immobilized artificial membrane column for a set of coumarin derivatives. The investigated compounds contain substituted amidoximes, or substituted heterocycles directly attached to the coumarinic skeleton. The log kwIAM values were compared to previously reported data of octanol-water partition coefficients and extrapolated capacity factors determined by reversed phase HPLC and TLC. The log kwIAM values of the investigated compounds were found to be comparable with the corresponding log P values, although they constitute a lower lipophilicity scale due to the reduced hydrophobic environment of the IAM stationary phase. These features were exemplified in their interrelationship with a slope close to unity and a large negative intercept. In contrast their comparison with the corresponding HPLC and RP-TLC capacity factors revealed differences in the retention mechanism reflected in slopes lower than unity, which were postulated to be due to secondary interactions under the reversed phase chromatographic conditions. However, conformational effects in the molecular structures of the coumarin derivatives were found to have a similar impact in their affinity for the IAM and octadecyl silane stationary phases, while they did not affect their octanol-water partitioning. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Analysis of the interaction of substituted coumarins with DPPH free radical by means of multivariate statistics

The interaction of some substituted coumarin derivatives with the stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical was analysed by means of multivariate statistics using a variety of molecular descriptors. The compounds contain a conjugated double bond system, which was considered to be an essential structural characteristic for the free-radical scavenging activity. Partial least-square analysis led to an adequate two-component model based on bulk descriptors and the electronic properties concerning atoms involved or next to the double-bond systems. © 2004 The Authors Recieved