Thermal stability and adhesion of low-emissivity electroplated Au coatings.

We are developing a low-emissivity thermal management coating system to minimize radiative heat losses under a high-vacuum environment. Good adhesion, low outgassing, and good thermal stability of the coating material are essential elements for a long-life, reliable thermal management device. The system of electroplated Au coating on the adhesion-enhancing Wood's Ni strike and 304L substrate was selected due to its low emissivity and low surface chemical reactivity. The physical and chemical properties, interface bonding, thermal aging, and compatibility of the above Au/Ni/304L system were examined extensively. The study shows that the as-plated electroplated Au and Ni samples contain submicron columnar grains, stringers of nanopores, and/or H{sub 2} gas bubbles, as expected. The grain structure of Au and Ni are thermally stable up to 250 C for 63 days. The interface bonding is strong, which can be attributed to good mechanical locking among the Au, the 304L, and the porous Ni strike. However, thermal instability of the nanopore structure (i.e., pore coalescence and coarsening due to vacancy and/or entrapped gaseous phase diffusion) and Ni diffusion were observed. In addition, the study also found that prebaking 304L in the furnace at {ge} 1 x 10{sup -4} Torr promotes surface Cr-oxides on the 304L surface, which reduces the effectiveness of the intended H-removal. The extent of the pore coalescence and coarsening and their effect on the long-term system integrity and outgassing are yet to be understood. Mitigating system outgassing and improving Au adhesion require a further understanding of the process-structure-system performance relationships within the electroplated Au/Ni/304L system

Social Cohesion as the Missing Link between Natural Resource Management and Peacebuilding: Lessons from Cocoa Production in Côte d’Ivoire and Colombia

Social cohesion plays a key role in processes of peacebuilding and sustainable development. Fostering social cohesion might present a potential to enhance the connection of natural resource management and peacebuilding and better functioning of sustainable land use systems. This contribution explores the nexus between social cohesion, natural resource management, and peacebuilding. We do so by (1) reviewing literature on the three concepts and (2) studying four different key action areas in the context of sustainable cocoa production for their potential to enhance social cohesion, namely (a) agroforestry; (b) cooperatives; (c) certification schemes; and (d) trade policies. Research is based on experience from cocoa production in two post-conflict countries, Côte d’Ivoire and Colombia. Our findings show that by fostering environmentally sustainable agricultural practices, these key action areas have a clear potential to foster social cohesion among cocoa producers and thus provide a valuable contribution to post-conflict peacebuilding in both countries. However, the actual effects strongly depend on a multitude of local factors which need to be carefully taken into consideration. Further, the focus in implementation of some of these approaches tends to be on increasing agricultural productivity and not directly on fostering cocoa farmers’ wellbeing and societal relations, and hence a shift toward social objectives is needed in order to strengthen these approaches as a part of overall peacebuilding strategies.Peer Reviewe

Reputations for toughness in patent enforcement: implications for knowledge spillovers via inventor mobility

‘Job hopping’ by engineers and scientists is widely heralded as an important channel for knowledge spillovers within industries. Far less is known, however, about the actions firms take to reduce the outward flow of knowledge through markets for skilled labor. This study investigates the efficacy of a lever that has received little research attention: corporate reputations for toughness in patent enforcement. Drawing on unique data on enforcement activity, intra-industry inventor mobility, and patent citations in the U.S. semiconductor industry, we find that a firm's litigiousness significantly reduces spillovers otherwise anticipated from departures of employee inventors, particularly when the hiring organizations are entrepreneurial ventures. Surprisingly, the deterrent effects of patent enforcement are similar in magnitude for firms located in California, a state characterized by open norms for knowledge trading, and firms headquartered in other U.S. states. The study sheds new light on the strategic actions firms use to prevent rivals from capturing value from their investments in human capital and research and development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64300/1/792_ftp.pd

An aluminum resist substrate for microfabrication by LIGA.

Resist substrates used in the LIGA process must provide high initial bond strength between the substrate and resist, little degradation of the bond strength during x-ray exposure, acceptable undercut rates during development, and a surface enabling good electrodeposition of metals. Additionally, they should produce little fluorescence radiation and give small secondary doses in bright regions of the resist at the substrate interface. To develop a new substrate satisfying all these requirements, we have investigated secondary resist doses due to electrons and fluorescence, resist adhesion before exposure, loss of fine features during extended development, and the nucleation and adhesion of electrodeposits for various substrate materials. The result of these studies is a new anodized aluminum substrate and accompanying methods for resist bonding and electrodeposition. We demonstrate successful use of this substrate through all process steps and establish its capabilities via the fabrication of isolated resist features down to 6 {micro}m, feature aspect ratios up to 280 and electroformed nickel structures at heights of 190 to 1400 {micro}m. The minimum mask absorber thickness required for this new substrate ranges from 7 to 15 {micro}m depending on the resist thickness

The implementation of composite computer mapping 1972

reportComposite computer mapping (CCM) is the name assigned to a recently developed technique to enhance the quality of decision making in the administration of aid to economic development. The name accurately implies a combination of two techniques (composite mapping and computer mapping) which have been used with varying effectiveness in other mapping programs. The combination of the two does far more than add to the usefulness of them - it combines the two visual display capabilities into an unprecedented analytical tool. For many years, computers have been taught to produce various kinds of maps. The primary advantage inherent in computer mapping is the tremendous capacity for data storage and its quick retrieval. For example, the computer can be programmed to print out symbols representing various classes of data over the census tracts of a city. Such things as assessment valuation are stored and processed by the computer. A map showing relative rankings of residential valuations by census tracts serves to locate those areas of a city with the highest residential capital investment. Comparison of this map with a map representing population density can serve to indicate quality of housing relative to number of occupants. Comparison of these maps with one representing per capita income can provide further indication of social conditions. Additional maps would provide even more indications. However, an analyst would soon reach a point where his ability to use and comprehend additional maps would decline

Directory of State of Utah statistics 1971

reportThe Directory of State of Utah Statistics has been developed in response to the need for a fairly comprehensive guide to statistical information published by the State. The Directory is intended to fulfill two objectives. The first and major objective is to make available to policy makers, planners and researchers a systematic presentation of the types, characteristics and sources of economic, social and demographic data produced on a regular basis by agencies of the State of Utah. The second objective is to provide a document that will enable users of data to identify data gaps or inadequacies in presently published Utah sources which can aid in their correction or improvement

The implementation of composite computer mapping for the four corners regional commission 1971

reportComposite computer mapping (CCM) is the name assigned to a recently developed technique to enhance the quality of decision making in the administration of aid to economic development. The name accurately implies a combination of two techniques which have been used with varying effectiveness for mapping, but mostly for other purposes, for a long time: composite mapping and computer mapping. The combination of the two does far more than add to the usefulness of them--it combines the two visual display capabilities into an unprecedented analytical tool. For many years, computers have been taught to produce various kinds of maps. The primary advantage inherent in computer mapping is the tremendous capacity for data storage and its quick retrieval. For example, the computer can be programmed to print out symbols representing various classes of data over the census tracts of a city. Such things as assessment valuation are stored and processed by the computer. A map showing relative rankings of residential valuations by census tracts serves to locate those areas of a city with the highest residential capital investment. Comparison of this map with a map representing population density can serve to indicate quality of housing relative to number of occupants. Comparison of these maps with one representing per capita income can provide further indication of social conditions. Additional maps would provide even more indication. However, an analyst would soon reach a point where his ability to use and comprehend additional maps would decline

Utah coal-market potential and economic impact

reportCoal is one of Utah's most interesting natural resources. This mineral has had a major impact on Utah, its industry, and its people. As clearly shown by this study, the future of coal i s dependent upon finding new uses in power generation, gasification and liquefaction. Of these three possible sources of increased demand for Utah coal, power generation holds out the greatest promise in the next two decades. It does not appear that the gasification and liquefaction of coal will provide major markets for Utah coal in the next 20 to 30 years. But, these uses do offer foreseeable possibilities for significant employment expansion in the more distant future