The Envisaged Messages of Violence and Atrocities in Sarah Kane’s Blasted

تعتبر الكاتبة المسرحية البريطانية سارة كين واحدة من الشخصيات البارزة  في حقل الكتاب المسرحيين في التسعينيات. وعلى الرغم من أن حياتها في الكتابة كانت قصيرة ومختصرة بنتاج خمس مسرحيات كاملة، إلا أن كين كانت قادرة على أنت نقش اسمها كواحدة من ايقونات الكتاب المسرحيين البريطانيين. لقد أصبح إنتاج مسرحية سارة كين  الاولى "المتفجر"على مسرح رويال كورت عام 1995 نقطة التحول في أظهار قيم جمالية جديدة في المسرح البريطاني. كونها كاتبة مسرحية ولدت في السبعينيات وحيث شهدت الأحداث المروعة في فترة التسعينات فأن مخاوف وغضب ورغبات كين انعكست بشكل جلي في مسرحياتها. في الواقع، تعتبر "المتفجر" المسرحية الأولى التي بدأت من خلالها الكاتبة بمعالجة الموضوعات التي يعاني منها معظم افراد جيلها. اذ تُظهر المسرحية بشكل جلي العنف الجسدي والروحي الشديد الذي بسببه تدمرت شخصيات المسرحية. تشير كين وفي مناسبات مختلفة بأن " المتفجر" تهتم بشكل أساسي بالصراع البوسني. وبالتالي، فإن ألاعمال الوحشية التيار تكبت في البوسنة مصورة ببراعة في هذا العمل. يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة مظاهر العنف والاعمال الوحشية في مسرحية " المتفجر" وتحديد الرسائل المهمة التي تنوي كين إيصالها إلى جمهورها البريطاني بشكل خاص والعالم بشكل عام.The profoundly original British young playwright, Sarah Kane, is regarded as one of the leading figures of the 1990s playwrights.  Although her writing life was short and brief- with five-full length plays- Kane was able to canonize herself as one of the British iconic playwrights. The 1995 production of Kane’s debut play Blasted at the Royal Court Upstairs became the defining moment of a new aesthetic in the British theatre. As playwright born in the 1970s, witnessing the devastating events of the 1990s, Kane’s fears, anger and desire are well reflected in her plays.  Indeed, Blasted is the first play in which Kane began addressing the themes that most members of her generation were suffering from. The play pictures extreme physical and spiritual violence that torn apart the three characters. Blasted, as Kane indicates on different occasions, is mainly concerned with the Bosnian conflict. Thus, atrocities committed in Bosnia are masterfully depicted. The present paper aims to examine the manifestations of violence and atrocities in Blasted and the envisaged messages that Kane intends to deliver to her British audience in particular and the world in general

Investigation of pico-litre inkjet printing for nano-gram scale solid form screening of pharmaceuticals

The tendency of the majority of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to exist in different solid forms with keeping their chemical structures is called polymorphism. This phenomenon has gained a lot of interest in the pharmaceutical industry, hoping to avoid producing unexpected transformations of compounds during and after synthesis. The optimal way to avoid that is to subject the API, at the early stage of development, under various conditions in order to obtain an elegant (safe, effective, and stable) drug for the next formulation step. The aim of this thesis was to investigate some factors that affect the appearance of different polymorphs during screening of some APIs. Four model drugs were selected: paracetamol; carbamazepine; mefenamic acid; and flufenamic acid. All have been well-characterised previously in terms of solid-state forms. Piezoelectric, or 2D inkjet printing technique was used as a main technique in fabrication of nanoarrays of APIs onto predefined design on a solid tunable substrates because of its ability to control the delivered quantities of the the printed materials accurately, without any direct contact with the used substrate that may cause a sample cross-contamination. Light optical microscope was used to investigate the behaviour of the printed droplets during and after solvent evaporation and turn to dried spots, and to confirm the crystalline state of some spots by using the polarised light in the same microscope. Raman spectroscopy at low-wavenumber, or phonon region (40-400 cm-1) was used for the first time to identify the resulted polymorphs after the printing process as its ability to probe the alterations that happen in the molecular skeleton inside the crystal lattice , in addition to molecular region (400-1800 cm-1) to analyse the resulting spots. In chapter three, the piezoelectric inkjet printing technique was successfully used for the first time to miniaturise, screen, and study the stability of the APIs at nano quantities in the range of (1-500 ng), about six-ordered magnification less than the reported studies. It was found that the variation in the printed quantities can produce different states and polymorphs. Stability with time was also studied for all the printed samples and it was noticed the variation in time for some printed drugs to convert from solid amorphous to crystalline state. In chapter four, the advantage of the ability of the gold-coated slide to undergo further chemical modifications was exploited to create new substrates. Chemical modification of the gold substrates was carried out by treating them with two types of thiols to form self-assembly monolayers (SAMs) and use them as substrates in polymorph screening of some APIs. The new prepared SAMs were examined by preliminary tests like atomic force microscope (AFM) and water contact angle (WCA) measurements to investigate the texture of the new substrates before using them in printing process. It was found that changing the chemical structure of the substrate can lead to different polymorphs. In chapter five, an attempt to create highly hydrophobic substrates was done to investigate whether it can affect the propensity of APIs for polymorphism. Fluorinated compounds were used in this chapter as they are considered more hydrophobic than the substrates used in the previous part of the work The effect of the fluorinated substrates on appearance of new polymorphs was studied. Two fluorinated compounds were selected for preparation of high-water repellent surfaces and using them as substrates as they have the ability to limit the spreading of the printed droplets of the API, and allow the molecules to be constructed layer by layer and form a condense spot. The new fluorinated substrates were examined before using them in printing, and they exhibited high WCA. Another FLUF polymorph (VI) was investigated in addition to the two reference (I and III) polymorphs used in FLUF polymorphic screening. It was found that the intensity of the Raman peaks of the printed spots of APIs was good and clear to recognise when using fluorinated SAMs as a substrate, while the fluorinated substrate prepared from Flutec LE15 exhibited fluorescence effect due to the interactions between the glass and the drug’s spot spectrum

Generalised models for torsional spine and fan magnetic reconnection

Three-dimensional null points are present in abundance in the solar corona, and the same is likely to be true in other astrophysical environments. Recent studies suggest that reconnection at such 3D nulls may play an important role in the coronal dynamics. In this paper the properties of the torsional spine and torsional fan modes of magnetic reconnection at 3D nulls are investigated. New analytical models are developed, which for the first time include a current layer that is spatially localised around the null, extending along either the spine or the fan of the null. These are complemented with numerical simulations. The principal aim is to investigate the effect of varying the degree of asymmetry of the null point magnetic field on the resulting reconnection process - where previous studies always considered a non-generic radially symmetric null. The geometry of the current layers within which torsional spine and torsional fan reconnection occur is found to be strongly dependent on the symmetry of the magnetic field. Torsional spine reconnection still occurs in a narrow tube around the spine, but with elliptical cross-section when the fan eigenvalues are different, and with the short axis of the ellipse being along the strong field direction. The spatiotemporal peak current, and the peak reconnection rate attained, are found not to depend strongly on the degree of asymmetry. For torsional fan reconnection, the reconnection occurs in a planar disk in the fan surface, which is again elliptical when the symmetry of the magnetic field is broken. The short axis of the ellipse is along the weak field direction, with the current being peaked in these weak field regions. The peak current and peak reconnection rate in this case are clearly dependent on the asymmetry, with the peak current increasing but the reconnection rate decreasing as the degree of asymmetry is increased

APPROCHE TERRITORIALE DE DEVELOPPEMENT HUMAIN DURABLE : CAS DE LA PROVINCE D’IFRANE

Sustainable development requires monitoring that cannot be reduced to the economic dimension of development alone, but also integrates its social and environmental aspects and does so from the perspective of sustainability. It there for eseems essential to find a balance so that economic growth is not accompanied by increased poverty and inequality, as well as environmental degradation.   In Morocco, the environment and human development have been the subject of separate interventions and programmes. Today, we are witnessing initiatives to articulate the different aspects (economic, social, human and environmental).   The main objective of this article is to show that the articulation between environment and human development is not a starting point, but a construction that can be evaluated using appropriate measurement tools. However, to understand, understand and measure this interaction in a finer way, it must be declined at a territorial level. Thus, the idea was to see how the different dimensions of sustainable and human development are articulated, and from there, how to design a measure that is relevant, in the spatial framework.Le développement durable impose un suivi qui ne peut plus se réduire à la seule dimension économique du développement, mais également intégrer ses aspects sociaux et environnementaux et le faire sous l’angle de la soutenabilité. Il semble donc indispensable de trouver un équilibre de telle sorte que la croissance économique ne soit pas accompagnée par une accentuation de la pauvreté et des inégalités, ainsi que par une dégradation de l’environnement.   Au Maroc, l’environnement, d’un côté, et le développement humain, de l’autre ont fait l’objet d’interventions et programmes séparés. Aujourd’hui, l’on assiste, à des initiatives d’articulation des différents aspects (économique, social, humain et environnemental).   L’objectif principal de cet article est de montrer que l’articulation entre environnement et développement humain n’est pas une donnée de départ, mais une construction qui peut être évaluée à l’aide d’outils de mesure appropriés. Or, pour saisir, comprendre et mesurer cette interaction de façon plus fine il faut la décliner à un niveau territorial. Ainsi, l’idée était de voir comment s’articulent les différentes dimensions du développement durable et humain, et à partir de là, comment concevoir une mesure qui soit pertinente, dans le cadre spatial

The enzymatic effect of Alternaria alternata on wheat plant and its role in pathogenicity as a virulence factor

Wheat is one of the most important plant in the world as it used as a nutritional food source can avvacted by many fungal disease like leaf blight disease &black mold disease which caused by A.alternata ,during the period from February 2022 to September 2022, study done by taken 180 samples from infected wheat plant lesions collected in regions where A.alternaria leaf blight and black mold has been reported were studied from different area in wasit city including (Al-Numaniyah, Kut, Dabuni, Sheikh Saad

Magnetic reconnection at 3D null points: effect of magnetic field asymmetry

The aim of this paper is to investigate the properties of magnetic reconnection at a 3D null point, with respect to their dependence on the symmetry of the magnetic field around the null. In particular we examine the rate of flux transport across the null point with symmetric/asymmetric diffusion regions, as well as how the current sheet forms in time, and its properties. Mathematical modelling and finite difference resistive MHD simulations are used. It is found that the basic structure of the mode of magnetic reconnection considered is unaffected by varying the magnetic field symmetry, that is, the plasma flow is found cross both the spine and fan of the null. However, the peak intensity and dimensions of the current sheet are dependent on the symmetry/ asymmetry of the field lines. As a result, the reconnection rate is also found to be strongly dependent on the field asymmetry.Comment: 23 pages, 9 figure

Das gesungene Wort im Deutsch-als-Fremdsprache-Unterricht

Die Arbeit stellt den Einsatz und die Bedeutung deutschsprachiger Lieder zur Förderung der Behaltensleistung und zur Entwicklung des Hörverstehens im DaF-Unterricht vor und beschreibt eine empirische Untersuchung mit Studierenden im Irak auf dem Niveau A2. Anhand von ausgewählten deutschsprachigen Liedtexten wurde dort getestet, inwieweit die Musikbegleitung (Vertonungen) von Texten den Lernerfolg im Bereich Hörverstehen und Merkfähigkeit beeinflusst. Festgestellt werden konnte ein signifikanter Unterschied in diesen Bereichen im Hinblick auf Nutzung der Liedtexte mit und ohne Musik. Darüber hinaus zeigte sich ein starker Einfluss von Musik auf die Motivation der Studierenden. Dies erfolgt in zwei Schritten: Zunächst wird der Forschungsstand aller themenrelevanten Bezugswissenschaften aufgearbeitet, um sodann die Hypothesen der Fachliteratur mittels einer empirischen Studie überprüfen zu können. Im zweiten Schritt werden die Ergebnisse der empirischen Studie aufgezeigt und diskutiert

Determination of Some Organic and Inorganic Nutritional Constituents in Beta Vulgaris Roots Prepared in Different Methods

The nutritional value of the roots of Iraqi Beta vulgaris plant that have been prepared using several conventional techniques will be evaluated in the current research. One of the best and most important nutritional sources of iron, nitrate of nitrogen, magnesium, potassium, ascorbic acid, and folic acid is the juice of beta vulgaris roots. Spectrophotometric techniques like UV-Visible, HPLC, and AAS have been used to estimate the levels of some organic and inorganic nutritional constituents and determine the level of the nitrate ion using an ion selective electrode technique in the prepared beta vulgaris root juice. The concentration of these organic and inorganic components varies depending on how the Beta vulgaris juice is prepared. The roots of Beta vulgaris have been processed in four different ways. Ascorbic acid content is greatest in the prepared sample with sodium chloride (4.124 mg in 200 mL), while the sample treated with acetic acid has a high concentration of Betalains (10.96 mg in 200 mL) and folic acid (5.736 mg in 200 mL). The potassium (552 mg in 200 mL) and magnesium (54 mg in 200 mL) concentrations in juice from the acetic acid-treated sample were relatively higher than those obtained from other methods, whereas the prepared sample with NaCl has a high concentration of NO3- (616 mg in 200 mL) and the prepared sample with cool water has a high concentration of iron (0.75 mg in 200 mL). 

Utilization of the Thermoelectric Sensor to Realize a New Fluid Level Detector

This paper describes a prototype thermoelectric sensor system which makes use of the thermoelectrical effects. The sensor includes two printed circuits, the first is constituted of a resistive constantan track, the second is a planar thermoelectric circuit constituted of many plated differential thermocouples. The first circuit is placed at the top of the second circuit so that the resistive tack is placed on the top of the even thermocouple junctions. The measuring method consists to passing an electrical current through the constantan track in order to generate temperature gradients between the junction points of the second circuit. Then the resulting temperature differences between the junction points is directly converted into a proportional Seebeck voltage. As an application, the sensor is placed into a reservoir and adapted in order to realize a fluid level detector