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Selective transfer of persistent organic pollutants and their metabolites in grey seals during lactation

Twenty grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) mother-pup pairs from the colony of the Isle of May (Scotland) were sampled at early and late lactation in order to study the transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites (HO-PCBs and HO-PBDEs) as well as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as DDT and metabolites (DDXs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). The transfer of the naturally produced MeO-PBDEs was also investigated. Generally, concentrations (on a lipid weight basis) of the sum of PCBs, PBDEs and DDXs tended to be higher in all tissues at late lactation (for maternal outer blubber Sigma PCBs = 3860 +/- 2091 ng/g, Sigma PBDEs = 120 +/- 74 ng/g and Sigma DDXs = 559 +/- 207 ng/g; for maternal inner blubber Sigma PCBs = 4229 +/- 3274 ng/g, Sigma PBDEs = 148 +/- 118 ng/g and Sigma DDXs = 704 +/- 353 ng/g; for maternal serum Sigma PCBs = 1271 +/- 796 ng/g, Sigma PBDEs = 27 +/- 16 ng/g and Sigma DDXs = 242 +/- 125 ng/g; for milk Sigma PCBs = 1190 +/- 747 ng/g, Sigma PBDEs = 55 +/- 36 ng/g and Sigma DDXs = 357 +/- 160 ng/g; for pup serum Sigma PCBs = 1451 +/- 901 ng/g, Sigma PBDEs = 48 +/- 31 ng/g and Sigma DDXs = 395 +/- 201 ng/g). In all tissues. Sigma MeO-PBDEs were found at very low levels or even undetected and their concentrations appeared to increase at late lactation only in maternal inner blubber (2.7 +/- 1.3 to 5.3 +/- 2.9 ng/g for early and late lactation, respectively) and milk (0.6 +/- 0.3 to 1.1 +/- 0.5 ng/g for early and late lactation, respectively). The transfer from inner blubber to maternal serum was selective and strongly depended on the log K-ow value of the compounds, with less lipophilic compounds being more efficiently released. Only a limited amount of HO-PCBs was transferred during lactation as 4-HO-CB-107 was the only metabolite detected in milk (29 to 40 pg/g lw). On the contrary, most of HO-PCB metabolites found in maternal serum were also detected in pup serum. These findings suggest not only a transplacental transfer of HO-PCBs from mothers to pups but also the possibility of endogenous biotransformation in suckling pups or accumulation of undetectable low amounts from milk.</p

Selective transfer of persistent organic pollutants and their metabolites in grey seals during lactation.

Twenty grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) mother-pup pairs from the colony of the Isle of May (Scotland) were sampled at early and late lactation in order to study the transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites (HO-PCBs and HO-PBDEs) as well as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as DDT and metabolites (DDXs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). The transfer of the naturally produced MeO-PBDEs was also investigated. Generally, concentrations (on a lipid weight basis) of the sum of PCBs, PBDEs and DDXs tended to be higher in all tissues at late lactation (for maternal outer blubber ΣPCBs=3860±2091 ng/g, ΣPBDEs=120±74 ng/g and ΣDDXs=559±207 ng/g; for maternal inner blubber ΣPCBs=4229±3274 ng/g, ΣPBDEs=148±118 ng/g and ΣDDXs=704±353 ng/g; for maternal serum ΣPCBs=1271±796 ng/g, ΣPBDEs=27±16 ng/g and ΣDDXs=242±125 ng/g; for milk ΣPCBs=1190±747 ng/g, ΣPBDEs=55±36 ng/g and ΣDDXs=357±160 ng/g; for pup serum ΣPCBs=1451±901 ng/g, ΣPBDEs=48±31 ng/g and ΣDDXs=395±201 ng/g). In all tissues, ΣMeO-PBDEs were found at very low levels or even undetected and their concentrations appeared to increase at late lactation only in maternal inner blubber (2.7±1.3 to 5.3±2.9 ng/g for early and late lactation, respectively) and milk (0.6±0.3 to 1.1±0.5 ng/g for early and late lactation, respectively). The transfer from inner blubber to maternal serum was selective and strongly depended on the log K(ow) value of the compounds, with less lipophilic compounds being more efficiently released. Only a limited amount of HO-PCBs was transferred during lactation as 4-HO-CB-107 was the only metabolite detected in milk (29 to 40 pg/g lw). On the contrary, most of HO-PCB metabolites found in maternal serum were also detected in pup serum. These findings suggest not only a transplacental transfer of HO-PCBs from mothers to pups but also the possibility of endogenous biotransformation in suckling pups or accumulation of undetectable low amounts from milk

Interleukin-9 stimulates the production of interleukin-5 in CD4+ T cells.

We recently showed that interleukin-9 (IL-9), a Th2 cytokine, promotes IL-5-mediated rejection of allografts in mice. This observation led us to investigate the functional link between IL-9 and IL-5 production during alloreactive T cell responses in vitro and in vivo. Firstly, we found that IL-9 was produced by alloreactive Th2 cells, and IL-9 mRNA was detected in skin allograft during Th2-type rejection. We then established that IL-5 production was impaired in alloreactive Th2 cells isolated from IL-9-deficient mice and that optimal IL-5 production after allogeneic stimulation requires a functional IL-9 receptor (IL-9R) on the responding cells. Finally, the production of IL-5 by anti-CD3-stimulated CD4+ T cells was abolished by neutralization of IL-9. Despite the fact that IL-9 promotes IL-5 production by alloreactive T cells, IL-9-deficient recipients of skin allografts still developed eosinophilic graft infiltrates and neither IL-9 nor IL-9R deficiency modified Th2-type allograft rejection.Journal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Kidney injury in COVID-19

peer reviewedLe virus SARS-CoV-2 provoque un syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë, le symptôme principal de l’infection COVID-19 (pour «COronaVIrus Disease 2019»). Cette maladie infectieuse provoque une pandémie de gravité sanitaire et socio-économique majeure depuis décembre 2019. La cible principale du SARS-CoV-2 serait l’alvéole pulmonaire. Néanmoins, ce coronavirus est capable d’affecter directement ou indirectement d’autres organes, y compris les reins. Nous résumons ici la physiopathologie présumée de l’atteinte rénale de la COVID-19. L’incidence de l’insuffisance rénale aiguë varie entre 0,5 à 22 % de tous les patients infectés par le SARS-CoV-2. La nécessité d’une épuration extra-rénale est rapportée chez 5-9 % des patients pris en charge aux soins intensifs. L’analyse histologique de biopsies rénales montre, principalement, une nécrose tubulaire aiguë de sévérité variable, ainsi qu’une congestion des capillaires glomérulaires et péri-tubulaires. Une endothélite a parfois été décrite. L’atteinte inflammatoire du glomérule reste débattue. Les conséquences à moyen/long termes de la néphropathie COVID-19 sont inconnues et mériteront un suivi étroit.The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes a respiratory distress syndrome, the main symptom of COVID-19 (for “COronaVIrus Disease 2019”). This infectious disease has been causing a major health and socio-economic pandemic since December 2019. The pulmonary alveolus is regarded as the main target of SARS-CoV-2. However, this coronavirus is capable of directly or indirectly affecting other organs, including the kidneys. Here, we summarize the presumed pathophysiology of COVID-19 renal disease. The incidence of acute kidney injury ranges from 0,5 to 22 % of all patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The need for renal replacement therapy is reported in 5-9 % of patients in intensive care. Histological analysis of renal biopsies mainly shows acute tubular necrosis of varying severity, as well as the congestion of glomerular and peri-tubular capillaries. Endothelitis has been described in few cases. Evidence for a factual inflammation of the glomerulus remains controversial. The medium/long term consequences of COVID-19 nephropathy are unknown and will deserve a tight follow-up

Extracorporeal CO2 removal and regional citrate anticoagulation in an experimental model of hypercapnic acidosis.

Low flow extracorporeal veno-venous CO2 removal (ECCO2 R) therapy is used to remove CO2 while reducing ventilation intensity. However, the use of this technique is limited because efficiency of CO2 removal and potential beneficial effects on pulmonary hemodynamics are not precisely established. Moreover, this technique requires anticoagulation that may induce severe complications in critically ill patients. This study aimed at determining precisely efficiency of CO2 extraction and its effects on right ventricular (RV) afterload, and comparing regional anticoagulation with citrate to systemic heparin anticoagulation during ECCO2 R. ECCO2 R was highly efficient to normalize pH and PaCO2 and to reduce RV afterload resulting from hypercapnic acidosis. Regional anticoagulation with citrate solution was as effective as standard heparin anticoagulation but did not improve CO2 removal and lead to more hypocalcemia and hypotension