Comprehensive Analysis of Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide in Mineral Sunscreen Formulations

The inorganic materials of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide were analyzed through in vitro and physical tests to show their significant role in a sunscreen formulation scope. On-market formulas and lab-made prototypes were tested together to understand the relationship of finalized products and the formulation creation process, while highlighting sustainability efforts within personal care and cosmetic formulations. With a UV Spectrophotometer, Sun Protection Factor (SPF), broad spectrum UVA/UVB protection, and critical wavelength were explored, while skin-like substrate and a UV light visualized the differences between formulas

Electrochemical Studies of Antimony(III) and Antimony(V) in Molten Mixtures of Aluminum Chloride and Butylpyridinium Chloride

Electrochemical studies of Sb, Sb(III), and Sb(V) have been camed out in molten mixtures of AlC13 and N-1-butylpyridinium chloride (BuPyCl) at 40 OC, as a function of melt composition. Analysis of measurements in the acidic melts indicates SbC12+ as the dominant species. The reduction of this species on glassy carbon exhibits irreversible behavior. In the basic melts, SbC14- and SbC1,- are believed to be the dominant species. The reduction of Sb(II1) to Sb on glassy carbon also showed irreversible behavior while its oxidation to Sb(W revealed a quasi-reversible behavior. No Sb(II1) oxidation was observed in the acidic melts

Molten Nitrite Eutectics: The Reaction of Four Ianthanide(III) Chlorides

Cerium(III) chloride reacted with sodium nitrite—potassium nitrite eutectic, initially in the solid state but more rapidly on melting, to form cerium(IV) oxide, while lanthanum(III) chloride, praseodymium(III) chloride and europium(III) chloride reacted, very largely in the liquid state, undergoing anion exchange and a partial Lux—Flood acid—base reaction to form oxide nitrites (LnONO2) initially. At higher temperatures the latter two chlorides reacted further to form the oxides (Pr6O11 and Eu2O3, respectively). In lithium nitrite—potassium nitrite eutectic, the course of the reactions was similar but the temperatures at which reaction commenced were lower

Molten Lithium Carbonate—Sodium Carbonate—Potassium Carbonate Eutectic: The Reaction of Four Lanthanide(III) Chlorides

Cerium(III) chloride reacted with carbonate in the solid state under a carbon dioxide atmosphere, to form cerium(IV) oxide, while europium(III) chloride, praseodymium(III) chloride and lanthanum(III) chloride underwent anion exchange and partial decomposition to give the dioxymonocarbonates initially. The latter three compounds took up carbon dioxide as the temperature increased, the amount varying in accordance with the basicity of the cations ( = 20 border= 0 style= vertical-align:bottom width= 8 alt= View the MathML source title= View the MathML source src= http://origin-ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0040603185853703-si1.gif \u3e , eight= 20 border= 0 style= vertical-align:bottom width= 8 alt= View the MathML source title= View the MathML source src= http://origin-ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0040603185853703-si2.gif \u3e and 1 mole of CO2 per mole of Ln2O2CO3, respectively), as did the temperatures of reaction

Molten LiNO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e-NaNO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e, LiNO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e-KNO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e, LiNO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e-CsNO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e, and NaNO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e-KNO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e Eutectics: the reaction of PdCl\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e, K\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3ePdCl\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e, K\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3ePd(NO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e)\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e, PtCl\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e, K\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3ePtCl\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e, K\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3ePt(NO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e)\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e, PtCl\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e, and K\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3ePtCl\u3csub\u3e6\u3c/sub\u3e

The reaction of eight compounds of Pd(II), Pt(II) and Pt(IV) with four molten nitrite eutectics were studied and their stoichiometries were deduced using thermogravimetric analysis. Their behaviour revealed an interesting class of oxidation-reduction reactions in which the nitrite melt acted as the reducting agent. Infrared spectra and high-temperature absorption spectra were used to identify the complex species formed in these melts. At low temperatures, Pd(II) and Pt(II) dissolved in the nitrite melts forming clear yellow solutions of nitro/nitrito species of Pd(II) and Pt(II), respectively. These solutions decomposed at higher temperatures, evolving nitrogen dioxide and leaving black residues of Pd and Pt metals. Pt(IV) formed an insoluble nitro/nitrito species that reacted in two stages, first to Pt(II) and eventually to Pt metal

Response to Loco-Regional Therapy Predicts Outcomes After Liver Transplantation for Combined Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma

Introduction and aim. Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (HCC-CCA) is a rare liver malignancy distinct from either hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or cholangiocarcinoma. Liver transplantation (LT) is not recommended for HCC-CCA because of suboptimal outcomes. Non-invasive diagnosis of HCC-CCA is extremely challenging; thus, some HCC-CCAs are presumed as HCC on imaging and listed for LT with the correct diagnosis ultimately made on explant pathology. We compared HCC-CCA with HCC to determine the utility of response to pre-transplant loco-regional therapy (LRT) in predicting outcomes for HCC-CCA after LT as a potential means of identifying appropriate HCC-CCA patients for LT.Material and methods. Retrospective review of 19 patients with pathologically confirmed HCC-CCA were individually matched to 38 HCC patients (1:2) based on age, sex, and Milan criteria at listing was performed. The modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors was used to categorize patients as responders or non-responders to pre-transplant LRT based on imaging performed before and after LRT. Overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were examined.Results. OS at 3 years post-transplant was 74% for HCC-CCA and 87% for HCC. RFS at 3 years was 74% for HCC-CCA, and 87% for HCC. Among responders to LRT, the 3-year OS was 92% for HCC-CCA and 88% for HCC; among non-responders, 3-year OS was 43% for HCC-CCA and 83% for HCC. Higher 3-year OS was observed among HCC-CCA responders (77%) compared with HCC-CCA non-responders (23%).Conclusions. OS was similarly high among responders to pre-transplant LRT irrespective of tumor type. Radiologic response to LRT could potentially be used to select appropriate HCC-CCA patients for LT if the findings are validated in independent studies