Kaltbach Cave (Siebenhengste, Switzerland): Phantom of the Sandstone?

 Jama Kaltbach je razvita v Hochgantskem eocenskem peščenjaku na območju Siebenghengste v Švici. Rezultat ponovne izmere jame je precej večja dolžina, nov načrt jame in številna opažanja, ki kažejo na to, da jama ni nastala z »normalno speleogenezo«, ampak je t.i. fantomska jama. Fantomske jame nastajajo pri delnem preperevanju nečistega apnenca v toplih klimah, v pogojih nizkega hidravličnega gradienta. Ob povečanju gradienta, voda izpere netopni preostanek, pri čemer nastane jama. Članek obravnava geomorfološke značilnosti jam, ki nam omogočajo prepoznavati fantomske jame.  Kaltbach cave is developed within the Eocene Hohgant sandstone in the Siebenhengste area in Switzerland. A remapping project of the cave resulted in a huge increase in length. It also produced a complete, updated map and longitudinal section. The cave’s morphology does not fitwiththe“normal”speleogenesis:itisaso-calledphantom cave. Phantoms are created by differential weathering of impure limestone under a preferably warm climate and a very low hydrologic gradient. Once the gradient steepens, the undissolved residual sediments are piped out; the “cave” manifests itself. The paper discusses the geomorphological features that permit to recognize the phantom caves

Modulation of IL-1-induced cartilage injury by NO synthase inhibitors: a comparative study with rat chondrocytes and cartilage entities

1. Nitric oxide (NO) is produced in diseased joints and may be a key mediator of IL-1 effects on cartilage. Therefore, we compared the potency of new [aminoguanidine (AG), S-methylisothiourea (SMT), S-aminoethylisothiourea (AETU)] and classical [N(ω)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)] NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors on the inhibitory effect of recombinant human interleukin-1β (rhIL-1β) on rat cartilage anabolism. Three different culture systems were used: (1) isolated chondrocytes encapsulated in alginate beads; (2) patellae and (3) femoral head caps. 2. Chondrocyte beads and cartilage entities were incubated in vitro for 48 h in the presence of rhIL-1β with a daily change of incubation medium to obtain optimal responses on proteoglycan synthesis and NO production. Proteoglycan synthesis was assessed by incorporation of radiolabelled sodium sulphate [Na(2)(35)SO(4)] and NO production by cumulated nitrite release during the period of study. 3. Chondrocytes and patellae, as well as femoral head caps, responded concentration-dependently to IL-1β challenge (0 to 250 U ml(−1) and 0 to 15 U ml(−1) respectively) by a large increase in nitrite level and a marked suppression of proteoglycan synthesis. Above these concentrations of IL-1β (2500 U ml(−1) and 30 U ml(−1) respectively), proteoglycan synthesis plateaued whereas nitrite release still increased thus suggesting different concentration-response curves. 4. When studying the effect of NOS inhibitors (1 to 1000 μM) on NO production by cartilage cells stimulated with IL-1β (25 U ml(−1) or 5 U ml(−1)), we observed that: (i) their ability to reduce nitrite level decreased from chondrocytes to cartilage samples, except for L-NMMA and AETU; (ii) they could be roughly classified in the following rank order of potency: AETU>L-NMMA⩾SMT>AG⩾L-NAME and (iii) AETU was cytotoxic when used in the millimolar range. 5. When studying the effect of NOS inhibitors on proteoglycan synthesis by cartilage cells treated with IL-1β, we observed that: (i) they had more marked effects on proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes than in cartilage samples; (ii) they could be roughly classified in the following rank order of potency: L-NAME⩾L-NMMA>>AG>SMT>>AETU and (iii) potentiation of the IL-1 effect by AETU was consistent with cytotoxicity in the millimolar range. 6. D-isomers of L-arginine analog inhibitors (1000 μM) were unable to correct nitrite levels or proteoglycan synthesis in IL-1β treated cells. L-arginine (5000 μM) tended to reverse the correcting effect of L-NMMA (1000 μM) on proteoglycan synthesis, thus suggesting a NO-related chondroprotective effect. However, data with L-NAME and SMT argued against a general inverse relationship between nitrite level and proteoglycan synthesis. 7. Dexamethasone (0.1 to 100 μM) (i) failed to inhibit NO production in femoral head caps and chondrocytes beads whilst reducing it in patellae (50%) and (ii) did not affect or worsened the inhibitory effect of IL-1β on proteoglycan synthesis. Such results suggested a corticosteroid-resistance of rat chondrocyte iNOS. Data from patellae supported a possible contribution of subchondral bone in NO production. 8. In conclusion, our results suggest that (i) NO may account only partially for the suppressive effects of IL-1β on proteoglycan synthesis, particularly in cartilage samples; (ii) the chondroprotective potency of NOS inhibitors can not be extrapolated from their effects on NO production by joint-derived cells and (iii) L-arginine analog inhibitors are more promising than S-substituted isothioureas for putative therapeutical uses