327 research outputs found
Towards Ontology Mapping: DL View or Graph View?
Ontology is important in sharing and reusing knowledge. It also plays a crucial role in the development of Semantic Web. The paper discusses the DL(Description Logic) and graph view on ontology. Different perspectives have different models and approaches on ontology mapping. The paper presents how the two different approaches handle ontology mapping, respectively. We argue that a combination of the two views can lead to a better solution in ontology mapping
Towards automated knowledge-based mapping between individual conceptualisations to empower personalisation of Geospatial Semantic Web
Geospatial domain is characterised by vagueness, especially in the semantic disambiguation of the concepts in the domain, which makes defining universally accepted geo- ontology an onerous task. This is compounded by the lack of appropriate methods and techniques where the individual semantic conceptualisations can be captured and compared to each other. With multiple user conceptualisations, efforts towards a reliable Geospatial Semantic Web, therefore, require personalisation where user diversity can be incorporated. The work presented in this paper is part of our ongoing research on applying commonsense reasoning to elicit and maintain models that represent users' conceptualisations. Such user models will enable taking into account the users' perspective of the real world and will empower personalisation algorithms for the Semantic Web. Intelligent information processing over the Semantic Web can be achieved if different conceptualisations can be integrated in a semantic environment and mismatches between different conceptualisations can be outlined. In this paper, a formal approach for detecting mismatches between a user's and an expert's conceptual model is outlined. The formalisation is used as the basis to develop algorithms to compare models defined in OWL. The algorithms are illustrated in a geographical domain using concepts from the SPACE ontology developed as part of the SWEET suite of ontologies for the Semantic Web by NASA, and are evaluated by comparing test cases of possible user misconceptions
Detecting Mismatches between a User's and an Expert's Conceptualisations
The work presented in this paper is part of our ongoing research on applying commonsense reasoning to elicit and maintain models that represent users' conceptualisations. Such user models will enable taking into account the users' perspective of the world and will empower personalisation algorithms for the Semantic Web. A formal approach for detecting mismatches between a user's and an expert's conceptual model is outlined. The formalisation is used as the basis to develop algorithms to compare two conceptualisations defined in OWL. The algorithms are illustrated in a geographical domain using a space ontology developed at NASA, and have been tested by simulating possible user misconceptions
Supporting meaningful social networks
Recent years have seen exponential growth of social network sites (SNSs) such as Friendster, MySpace and Facebook. SNSs flatten the real-world social network by making personal information and social structure visible to users outside the ego-centric networks. They provide a new basis of trust and credibility upon the Internet and Web infrastructure for users to communicate and share information. For the vast majority of social networks, it takes only a few clicks to befriend other members. Peopleās dynamic ever-changing real-world connections are translated to static links which, once formed, are permanent ā thus entailing zero maintenance. The existence of static links as public exhibition of private connections causes the problem of friendship inflation, which refers to the online practice that users will usually acquire much more āfriendsā on SNSs than they can actually maintain in the real world. There is mounting evidence both in social science and statistical analysis to support the idea that there has been an inflated number of digital friendship connections on most SNSs. The theory of friendship inflation is also evidenced by our nearly 3-year observation on Facebook users in the University of Southampton. Friendship inflation can devalue the social graph and eventually lead to the decline of a social network site. From Sixdegrees.com to Facebook.com, there have been rise and fall of many social networks. We argue that friendship inflation is one of the main forces driving this move. Despite the gravity of the issue, there is surprisingly little academic research carried out to address the problems. The thesis proposes a novel algorithm, called ActiveLink, to identify meaningful online social connections. The innovation of the algorithm lies in the combination of preferential attachment and assortativity. The algorithm can identify long-range connections which may not be captured by simple reciprocity algorithms. We have tested the key ideas of the algorithms on the data set of 22,553 Facebook users in the network of University of Southampton. To better support the development of SNSs, we discuss an SNS model called RealSpace, a social network architecture based on active links. The system introduces three other algorithms: social connectivity, proximity index and community structure detection. Finally, we look at the problems relating to improving the network model and social network systems
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Fast and Accurate Neural Word Segmentation for Chinese
Neural models with minimal feature engineering have achieved competitive
performance against traditional methods for the task of Chinese word
segmentation. However, both training and working procedures of the current
neural models are computationally inefficient. This paper presents a greedy
neural word segmenter with balanced word and character embedding inputs to
alleviate the existing drawbacks. Our segmenter is truly end-to-end, capable of
performing segmentation much faster and even more accurate than
state-of-the-art neural models on Chinese benchmark datasets.Comment: To appear in ACL201
TARGET: Template-Transferable Backdoor Attack Against Prompt-based NLP Models via GPT4
Prompt-based learning has been widely applied in many low-resource NLP tasks
such as few-shot scenarios. However, this paradigm has been shown to be
vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Most of the existing attack methods focus on
inserting manually predefined templates as triggers in the pre-training phase
to train the victim model and utilize the same triggers in the downstream task
to perform inference, which tends to ignore the transferability and
stealthiness of the templates. In this work, we propose a novel approach of
TARGET (Template-trAnsfeRable backdoor attack aGainst prompt-basEd NLP models
via GPT4), which is a data-independent attack method. Specifically, we first
utilize GPT4 to reformulate manual templates to generate tone-strong and normal
templates, and the former are injected into the model as a backdoor trigger in
the pre-training phase. Then, we not only directly employ the above templates
in the downstream task, but also use GPT4 to generate templates with similar
tone to the above templates to carry out transferable attacks. Finally we have
conducted extensive experiments on five NLP datasets and three BERT series
models, with experimental results justifying that our TARGET method has better
attack performance and stealthiness compared to the two-external baseline
methods on direct attacks, and in addition achieves satisfactory attack
capability in the unseen tone-similar templates
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