Massive Gauge Bosons in Yang-Mills Theory without Higgs Mechanism

Two kinds of Yang-Mills fields are found upon the concepts of mass eigenstate and nonmass eigenstate. The Yang-Mills fields of the first kind were proposed by Yang and Mills, which couple to the mass eigenstates with the same rest mass, whose gauge bosons are massless. I find that there are second kind of Yang-Mills fields, which are constructed on a five-dimensional manifold. Only the nonmass eigenstates couple to the Yang-Mills fields of the second kind, which are the nonmass eigenstates as well and composed of mass eigenstates of gauge bosons. The mass eigenstates of the Yang-Mills fields of the second kind live in the four-dimensional spacetime, the corresponding gauge bosons of which may be massive. The SU(2)\times U(1) gauge fields of the second kind are studied carefully, whose gauge bosons, which are the mass eigenstates, are the W^{\pm}, Z^{0} and photon fields. The rest masses of W^{\pm} and Z^{0} obtained are the same as that given by the Glashow-Salam-Weinberg model of electroweak interactions. It is discussed that this model should be renormalizable.Comment: 14 page

Right-handed Neutrino Fields are Real Spinors

The ansatz that the right-handed neutrino fields are real spinors is proposed in this letter. We naturally explain why the right-handed neutrinos don't feel the electroweak interactions and why there is neutrino mixing. It is found that the Majorana representation of Dirac equation is uniquely permitted in our scenario. With this ansatz, we predict that: 1. there are at least four species of neutrinos; 2. the mass matrix of neutrinos must be traceless; 3. there is CP violation in the lepton sector. The difference between our scenario and the Zee model is discussed also.Comment: 4 pages, no figure

Massive Gauge Bosons in Yang-Mills Theory without Higgs Mechanism

A new mechanism giving the massive gauge bosons in Yang-Mills theory is proposed in this letter. The masses of intermediate vector bosons can be automatically given without introducing Higgs scalar boson. Furthermore the relation between the masses of bosons and the fermion mass matrix is obtained. It is discussed that the theory should be renormalizable.Comment: 4 pages, Latex, no figur

Unification of Gravitation and Gauge Fields

In this letter, I indicate that complex daor field should also have spinor suffixes. The gravitation and gauge fields are unified under the framework of daor field. I acquire the elegant coupling equation of gravitation and gauge fields, from which Einstein's gravitational equation can be deduced.Comment: 7 pages, the second letter on daor fiel

Special-series solution of the first-order linear vector differential equation

A special series is introduced in this paper to yield solution of the first-order linear vector differential equation. It is proved that if the differential equation satisfied by the first term of this series can be solved exactly, then other terms can be determined by the method of variation of parameters. We point out that the special series will be the solution of the first-order linear vector differential equation if the infinite special series converges. An illustrative example has been given to outline the procedure of our method.Comment: 14 pages, no figures, submitted to J.Differential Equation

Nonmass Eigenstates of Fermion and Boson Fields

It appears natural to consider the four dimensional relativistic massive field as a five dimensional massless field. If the fifth coordinate is interpreted as the proper time, then the fifth moment can be understood as the rest mass. After introducing the rest mass operator, we define the mass eigenstate and the nonmass eigenstate. The general equations of spin 0, spin 1/2 and spin 1 fields are obtained respectively. It is shown that the Klein-Gordon equation, the Dirac equation and the Proca equation describe the mass eigenstates only. The rest mass of spin 1/2 field and the rest mass squared of Boson fields are calculated. The U(1) gauge field that couples to the nonmass eigenstates is studied carefully, whose gauge boson can be massive.Comment: 13 pages, the rest mass operator is revise

Covariant Theory of Gravitation in the Spacetime with Finsler Structure

The theory of gravitation in the spacetime with Finsler structure is constructed. It is shown that the theory keeps general covariance. Such theory reduces to Einstein's general relativity when the Finsler structure is Riemannian. Therefore, this covariant theory of gravitation is an elegant realization of Einstein's thoughts on gravitation in the spacetime with Finsler structure.Comment: 18 pages, no figur

Exact solutions of the Dirac equation in Robertson-Walker space-time

The covariant Dirac equation in Robertson-Walker space-time is studied under the comoving coordinates. The exact forms of the spatial factor of wave function are respectively acquired in closed, spatially flat, and open universes.Comment: 10 page

Service mining for Internet of Things

A service mining framework is proposed that enables discovering interesting relationships in Internet of Things services bottom-up. The service relationships are modeled based on spatial-temporal aspects, environment, people, and operation. An ontology-based service model is proposed to describe services. We present a set of metrics to evaluate the interestingness of discovered service relationships. Analytical and simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed evaluation measures

WeNet: Weighted Networks for Recurrent Network Architecture Search

In recent years, there has been increasing demand for automatic architecture search in deep learning. Numerous approaches have been proposed and led to state-of-the-art results in various applications, including image classification and language modeling. In this paper, we propose a novel way of architecture search by means of weighted networks (WeNet), which consist of a number of networks, with each assigned a weight. These weights are updated with back-propagation to reflect the importance of different networks. Such weighted networks bear similarity to mixture of experts. We conduct experiments on Penn Treebank and WikiText-2. We show that the proposed WeNet can find recurrent architectures which result in state-of-the-art performance