Tracing Changes in Families Who Participated in the Home-Start Parenting Program: Parental Sense of Competence as Mechanism of Change

The present study aimed to (1) determine the long-term effectiveness of Home-Start, a preventive parenting program, and (2) test the hypothesis that changes in maternal sense of competence mediate the program’s effects. Participants were 124 mothers (n = 66 intervention, n = 58 comparison). Four assessments took place during a 1-year period. Latent growth modeling showed that Home-Start enhanced growth in maternal sense of competence and supportive parenting, and led to a decrease in the use of inept discipline. Results of mediational and cross-lagged analyses were consistent with the hypothesized model: Participation in Home-Start was related to the changes in maternal sense of competence, which in turn predicted changes in parenting. The results affirm the importance of directly targeting parental sense of competence in the context of prevention work with parents

Haptonomic guidance of pregnancy and the prenatal attachment of both parents to their unborn child

In een quasi-experimenteel design met een voor- en nameting en een interventie- (n = 46) en een controlegroep (n = 38) is onderzocht of haptonomische zwangerschapsbegeleiding (HZB) meerwaarde heeft voor het bevorderen van prenatale gehechtheid ten opzichte van andere vormen van of geen zwangerschapsbegeleiding. Methode Vragenlijsten (MAAS/PAAS, MFAS) en een beeldrepresentatie betreffende de gevoelsmatige afstand tussen ouder en ongeboren kind (PRAM) werden ingevuld op 20 en 35 weken zwangerschap. Resultaten De resultaten lieten in beide groepen een nagenoeg gelijke toename van de prenatale gehechtheid zien. Conclusie Prenatale gehechtheid neemt toe ongeacht óf men begeleiding krijgt en zo ja, welke. Aanvullend onderzoek of HZB prenatale gehechtheid kan bevorderen bij moeders met een risico op verminderde prenatale gehechtheid lijkt gerechtvaardigd op basis van de theoretisch goed onderbouwde werkzame elementen van de begeleiding

Altered stress responses in children exposed to early adversity: A systematic review of salivary cortisol studies.

Pathological stress responses are implicated in numerous disorders. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function is influenced by gene-environment interaction, with early-life environmental adversity having long-lasting effects. We examine the evidence that, in humans, these effects are apparent from infancy. We systematically reviewed published findings on cortisol response to a stressor, in 0-5-year-olds already exposed to adversity. Adversity was defined as a negative environmental influence present post-conception. We searched Ovid MEDLINE (1950-May 2010), EMBASE (1980-May 2010) and PsychINFO (1806-May 2010). We included peer-reviewed, English language studies that analysed salivary cortisol before and after a standardised stressor. We identified 30 studies, of which 27 reported a significant effect of adversity on the cortisol response to stress. Six of these demonstrated an effect of prenatal substance exposure. Thirteen studies found that psychosocial adversity increased cortisol reactivity. Three studies reported that cortisol reactivity could be normalised by intervention programmes. The studies were heterogeneous, both in nature of adversity studied and in stressor used, precluding meta-analysis and assessment of publication bias. Our review presents evidence that adversity disrupts the stress response from an early age. Longitudinal studies are required to determine whether effects persist, alter with time, or are reversible with intervention