42 research outputs found
Supernova remnants: the X-ray perspective
Supernova remnants are beautiful astronomical objects that are also of high
scientific interest, because they provide insights into supernova explosion
mechanisms, and because they are the likely sources of Galactic cosmic rays.
X-ray observations are an important means to study these objects.And in
particular the advances made in X-ray imaging spectroscopy over the last two
decades has greatly increased our knowledge about supernova remnants. It has
made it possible to map the products of fresh nucleosynthesis, and resulted in
the identification of regions near shock fronts that emit X-ray synchrotron
radiation.
In this text all the relevant aspects of X-ray emission from supernova
remnants are reviewed and put into the context of supernova explosion
properties and the physics and evolution of supernova remnants. The first half
of this review has a more tutorial style and discusses the basics of supernova
remnant physics and thermal and non-thermal X-ray emission. The second half
offers a review of the recent advances.The topics addressed there are core
collapse and thermonuclear supernova remnants, SN 1987A, mature supernova
remnants, mixed-morphology remnants, including a discussion of the recent
finding of overionization in some of them, and finally X-ray synchrotron
radiation and its consequences for particle acceleration and magnetic fields.Comment: Published in Astronomy and Astrophysics Reviews. This version has 2
column-layout. 78 pages, 42 figures. This replaced version has some minor
language edits and several references have been correcte
Differential susceptibility of C57BL/6NCr and B6.Cg-Ptprca mice to commensal bacteria after whole body irradiation in translational bone marrow transplant studies
Hand osteoarthritis: clinical phenotypes, molecular mechanisms and disease management
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent condition and the hand is the most commonly affected site. Patients with hand OA frequently report symptoms of pain, functional limitations, and frustration in undertaking everyday activities. The condition presents clinically with changes to the bone, ligaments, cartilage and synovial tissue, which can be observed using radiography, ultrasonography or MRI. Hand OA is a heterogeneous disorder and is considered to be multifactorial in aetiology. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology, presentation and burden of hand OA, including an update on hand OA imaging (including the development of novel techniques), disease mechanisms and management. In particular, areas for which new evidence has substantially changed the way we understand, consider and treat hand OA are highlighted. For example, genetic studies, clinical trials and careful prospective imaging studies from the past 5 years are beginning to provide insights into the pathogenesis of hand OA that might uncover new therapeutic targets in disease