Relative Impacts of Adult Movement, Larval Dispersal and Harvester Movement on the Effectiveness of Reserve Networks

Movement of individuals is a critical factor determining the effectiveness of reserve networks. Marine reserves have historically been used for the management of species that are sedentary as adults, and, therefore, larval dispersal has been a major focus of marine-reserve research. The push to use marine reserves for managing pelagic and demersal species poses significant questions regarding their utility for highly-mobile species. Here, a simple conceptual metapopulation model is developed to provide a rigorous comparison of the functioning of reserve networks for populations with different admixtures of larval dispersal and adult movement in a home range. We find that adult movement produces significantly lower persistence than larval dispersal, all other factors being equal. Furthermore, redistribution of harvest effort previously in reserves to remaining fished areas (‘fishery squeeze’) and fishing along reserve borders (‘fishing-the-line’) considerably reduce persistence and harvests for populations mobile as adults, while they only marginally changes results for populations with dispersing larvae. Our results also indicate that adult home-range movement and larval dispersal are not simply additive processes, but rather that populations possessing both modes of movement have lower persistence than equivalent populations having the same amount of ‘total movement’ (sum of larval and adult movement spatial scales) in either larval dispersal or adult movement alone

Microenvironment, cross-talk, and immune escape mechanisms

Hodgkin lymphoma is a unique malignancy in which reactive immune cells vastly outnumber the tumor cells. The microenvironment is essential in many different aspects of Hodgkin lymphoma biology and has ramifications for diagnosis, clinical presentation, and therapeutic options. In this chapter we review current knowledge on the Hodgkin lymphoma microenvironment. Its composition is highly variable and provides the basis for diagnostic subtyping. T cells are virtually always present and usually cluster together with the tumor cells in so-called rosettes. We describe mechanisms by which the tumor cells actively shape their cellular environment and how this ensures recruitment of tumor cell promoting growth factors. The tumor cells also need to employ a variety of immune escape mechanisms with a central role for antigen presentation through the human leukocyte antigen and associated immune checkpoints. Given the different pathogenetic functions of different cell types in the microenvironment, we end with reviewing data on the prognostic impact of the abundance of specific cell types