Tuberculosis chemotherapy: current drug delivery approaches

Tuberculosis is a leading killer of young adults worldwide and the global scourge of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis is reaching epidemic proportions. It is endemic in most developing countries and resurgent in developed and developing countries with high rates of human immunodeficiency virus infection. This article reviews the current situation in terms of drug delivery approaches for tuberculosis chemotherapy. A number of novel implant-, microparticulate-, and various other carrier-based drug delivery systems incorporating the principal anti-tuberculosis agents have been fabricated that either target the site of tuberculosis infection or reduce the dosing frequency with the aim of improving patient outcomes. These developments in drug delivery represent attractive options with significant merit, however, there is a requisite to manufacture an oral system, which directly addresses issues of unacceptable rifampicin bioavailability in fixed-dose combinations. This is fostered by the need to deliver medications to patients more efficiently and with fewer side effects, especially in developing countries. The fabrication of a polymeric once-daily oral multiparticulate fixed-dose combination of the principal anti-tuberculosis drugs, which attains segregated delivery of rifampicin and isoniazid for improved rifampicin bioavailability, could be a step in the right direction in addressing issues of treatment failure due to patient non-compliance

Further Development of CAA Simulation for Isolated and Installed Nozzle Configurations

A hybrid RANS/CAA approach with stochastic source modeling is used in this work for noise prediction. Previously, this methodology has been successfully applied to isolated configurations of jet and airframe with different source models. For the prediction of jet noise, the source model as proposed by Tam and Auriault has been used for isolated nozzle configurations. A modeling approach for isolated airframe noise configurations is relying on the vorticity based Lamb vector source model. The CAA simulation of installed configurations with the combination of jet and airframe requires however consideration of both noise generation mechanisms simultaneously. Thus, a vorticity based ‘Eddy Relaxation’ source model has been recently proposed as further development of this methodology, which is expected to capture the installation effect