Earth Potential Electrodes in Permafrost and Tundra

Introduction : During the past two years, the authors installed a number of electrodes in the permafrost and tundra area of Point Barrow to obtain earth potential data. As ground temperatures decreased during the winter, the resistances of the first set of electrodes increased by several orders of magnitude and thus became useless. A second set of electrodes, with sodium chloride incorporated in the fill, proved entirely adequate for recording earth potentials. The installations and procedure for determining electrode resistances are described herein. Electrode resistance data versus time and ground temperatures are also presented.Ye

Effect of calcium on phenothiazine inhibition of neutrophil degranulation

The phenothiazines are known to be potent inhibitors of calmodulin and have been used as probes for examining calmodulin‐dependent cellular functions. We report here that the characteristics of phenothiazine inhibition of exocytosis in neutrophils more closely resemble their interaction with the annexins in vitro. Ca2+‐ dependent aggregation of liposomes mediated by either annexin I or annexin II was inhibited by the phenothiazines. Inhibition of liposome aggregation was not caused by interference with the binding of annexins to phospholipids. Rather, the phenothiazines increased the concentration of Ca2+ required for aggregation. Likewise, in neutrophils pepneabilized with streptolysin O, inhibition of degranulation by phenothiazines could be overcome by increasing [Ca2+]. These results suggest that inhibition by phenothiazines of neutrophil degranulation is secondary to the ability of these compounds to inhibit membrane‐membrane contact promoted by the annexins. J. Leukoc. Biol. 58: 114–118; 1995.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141375/1/jlb0114.pd

Hadal community structure: Implications from the Aleutian Trench

A 0.25-m2 box core from the Aleutian Trench (50°58.0\u27N, 171°37.5\u27W) was used to generate hypotheses concerning the regulation of benthic community structure in oceanic trenches. High food supply and the concentrating effects of trench topography are suggested by the unexpectedly high standing crop (1272 individuals of macrofaunal taxa m2) and by the feeding modes of the captured polychaetes...

Beam Line Design for the CERN Hiradmat Test Facility

The LHC phase II collimation project requires beam shock and impact tests of materials used for beam intercepting devices. Similar tests are also of great interest for other accelerator components such as beam entrance/exit windows and protection devices. For this purpose a dedicated High Radiation Material test facility (HiRadMat) is under study. This facility may be installed at CERN at the location of a former beam line. This paper describes the associated beam line which is foreseen to deliver a 450 GeV proton beam from the SPS with an intensity of up to 3×10**13 protons per shot. Different beam line designs will be compared and the choice of the beam steering and diagnostic elements will be discussed, as well as operational issues

Comparison of subjective and objective evaluation of screen-film systems for chest radiography

A subjective and an objective comparison of six screen-film systems is reported. Among the objective parameters which characterise image quality, resolution appeared to be the most critical one when compared with the averaged ranking produced by the radiologists. The results have shown that a relationship between dose and image quality can be established for most of screen-film systems tested. The problem which remains in the optimisation procedure of chest imaging, is the definition of the level of image quality requirements

European Survey of Image Quality Assessment Methods Used in Mammography

The definition of reference dose levels has to be linked with the definition of image quality. Unfortunately, there is still no general agreement on the definition of image quality in mammography, and most of the protocols used are based on the detectability of objects having various shapes and contrasts. To facilitate the task of assessing image quality, scoring methods are often used to produce a single number representative of the imaging chain performance. The goal of this study is to present a comparison between different ways of assessing image quality commonly used in Europe. A set of five mammograms, having different image quality levels, has been obtained with several test objects and compared. The results show large sensitivity variations among the different methods. Concerted work between radiologists and physicists is still required to define the radiological tasks and develop objective ways to measure image quality in mammography

Initial-state dependence in time-dependent density functional theory

Time-dependent density functionals in principle depend on the initial state of the system, but this is ignored in functional approximations presently in use. For one electron it is shown there is no initial-state dependence: for any density, only one initial state produces a well-behaved potential. For two non-interacting electrons with the same spin in one-dimension, an initial potential that makes an alternative initial wavefunction evolve with the same density and current as a ground state is calculated. This potential is well-behaved and can be made arbitrarily different from the original potential

The Status of Clinical Faculty in the Legal Academy: Report of the Task Force on the Status of Clinicians and the Legal Academy

In the midst of ongoing debates within the legal academy and the American Bar Association on the need for \u27practice-ready law school graduates through enhanced attention to law clinics and externships and on the status of faculty teaching in those courses, this report identifies and evaluates the most appropriate modes for clinical faculty appointments. Drawing on data collected through a survey of clinical program directors and faculty, the report analyzes the five most identifiable clinical faculty models: unitary tenure track; clinical tenure track; long-term contract; short-term contract; and clinical fellowships. It determines that, despite great strides in the growth of clinical legal education in the last 30 years, equality between clinical and non-clinical faculty remains elusive. Clinical faculty still lag behind non-clinical faculty in security of position and governance rights at most law schools. The report then identifies four core principles that should guide decisions about clinical faculty appointments: 1) clinical education is a foundational and essential component of legal education; 2) the legal academy and profession benefit from full inclusion of clinical faculty on all matters affecting the mission, function, and direction of law schools; 3) there is no justification for creating hierarchies between clinical and non-clinical faculty; and 4) the standards for hiring, retention, and promotion of clinical faculty must recognize and value the responsibilities and methodologies of clinical teaching. The report concludes that these core principles are best realized when full-time clinical faculty are appointed to a unitary tenure track. This conclusion does not ignore the imperfections of a tenure system. However, to the extent that tenure remains the strongest measure of the legal academy\u27s investment in its faculty and is the surest guarantee of academic freedom, inclusion in faculty governance and job security, the report recommends that law schools predominantly place their clinical faculty on dedicated tenure lines. In addition, it recommends that schools implement standards for hiring, promotion, and retention that reflect the teaching responsibilities and methodologies, as well as practice and service obligations, unique to their clinical faculty. To facilitate the development of such standards, the report suggests good practices for the appointment of clinical faculty on a unitary tenure track