Global Health Governance: Conflicts on Global Social Rights

This paper analyses the impact of new institutional structures in global health governance on the realization of social rights in poor countries. Meanwhile, health is broadly seen as an import precondition for social and economic development. This leads to an integration of the “diseases of the poor” (basically infectious diseases) into strategies of fighting poverty. Considering the example of global HIV/AIDS politics, the paper argues that new governance modes increase the participation of civil society groups and affected communities, but that they are also frequently instrumentalised by powerful actors to pursue their particular interests. In fact, increasing resources are mobilized for the fight against poverty related diseases. The paper concludes that global health governance is characterized by a combination of moral values and material interests which does not guarantee a comprehensive realization of social rights, but which allows some progress in the fight against poverty-related diseases – a precondition of the possible further realization of social rights.Global Health Governance; New Governance Modes, International Organizations; Social Rights; Global Social Justice; Developing Countries; HIV/AIDS Politics

Global Health Governance: Conflicts on Global Social Rights

This paper analyses the impact of new institutional structures in global health governance on the realization of social rights in poor countries. Meanwhile, health is broadly seen as an import precondition for social and economic development. This leads to an integration of the “diseases of the poor” (basically infectious diseases) into strategies of fighting poverty. Considering the example of global HIV/AIDS politics, the paper argues that new governance modes increase the participation of civil society groups and affected communities, but that they are also frequently instrumentalised by powerful actors to pursue their particular interests. In fact, increasing resources are mobilized for the fight against poverty related diseases. The paper concludes that global health governance is characterized by a combination of moral values and material interests which does not guarantee a comprehensive realization of social rights, but which allows some progress in the fight against poverty-related diseases – a precondition of the possible further realization of social rights.Global Health Governance; New Governance Modes, International Organizations, Social Rights, Global Social Justice, Developing Countries, HIV/AIDS Politics

Weltentwicklungsbericht 2008 : Ein neues Konzept für die Landwirtschaft im Süden?

Der Weltbank wird seit einiger Zeit vorgeworfen, den Bereich der landwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung vernachlässigt zu haben. Tatsächlich ist der vorgelegte Bericht der erste Weltentwicklungsbericht zu diesem Thema seit 1982. Angesichts der zentralen Position der Weltbank in den programmatischen Diskursen über Entwicklung, aber auch der Bedeutung der Bank als wichtigster Institution multilateraler Finanzierung wird den hier vorgelegten Konzepten hohe Aufmerksamkeit gezollt – auch wenn die behandelten Themen kontinuierlich in Berichten der in Rom konzentrierten Agrarentwicklungsinstitutionen (Food and Agriculture Organization – FAO, International Fund for Agricultural Development – IFAD und World Food Programme – WFP) diskutiert werden

Gesundheit für alle? : Gesundheitsversorgung in Lateinamerika

Im Januar 2013 veröffentlichte die Weltbank Fallstudien zu den Fortschritten in der allgemeinen Gesundheitsversorgung (Universal Health Care) in 22 Ländern, davon acht in Lateinamerika, und eine zusammenfassende Evaluierung (Universal Coverage Challenge Program). Welche Fortschritte sind auf dem Weg zu einer flächendeckenden Gesundheitsversorgung in Lateinamerika zu verzeichnen? Nachdem der Strukturanpassungsprozess in Lateinamerika zwischen 1980 und 2000 in vielen Gesundheitssystemen die Rolle privatwirtschaftlicher Elemente gestärkt und den Zugang der Armen zu Gesundheitsdienstleistungen kaum verbessert hatte, ist seit der Milleniumswende ein markanter Wandel zu beobachten. Dieser steht im Zusammenhang mit einer verstärkten Hinwendung der Weltbank zur Armutsbekämpfung und damit auch zu einer flächendeckenden Gesundheitsversorgung. Verschuldungskrise und neoliberale Strukturanpassungsprogramme in Lateinamerika verhinderten die Ausweitung der Gesundheitsversorgung über die bereits zuvor erreichten privilegierten Kreise der Bevölkerung - Privatzahler und Beschäftigte in formalen Arbeitsverhältnissen - hinaus. Seit Ende der 1990er Jahr wurden in vielen Ländern Lateinamerikas linke Parteien in die Regierung gewählt. Gleichzeitig zielte auch die Politik der internationalen Entwicklungsorganisationen stärker auf Inklusion armer Bevölkerungsgruppen. Mit den Millenniums-Entwicklungszielen gewann Gesundheitspolitik international erheblich an Bedeutung. Seit 2005 verschiebt sich der Schwerpunkt von der Bekämpfung gefährlicher Krankheiten (wie HIV/AIDS) auf die Förderung universeller Gesundheitsversorgung. Im internationalen Vergleich der Weltbank-Studien schneiden die Staaten Lateinamerikas positiv ab. Gelobt wird vor allem die Entwicklung der medizinischen Grundversorgung in Costa Rica und Brasilien

Intellectual property rights and health: the constraints of WHO authority and the rise of global health governance as an element of contestation

This paper links the main issues of the project "Contested World Order" (WZB, GIGA, HSFK) to the policy field of global health: the authority of the institutional setting, and the preferences and strategies of rising powers and non-state actors (NStAs) - the assumed protagonists of recent power shifts. The first part discusses the loss of WHO authority since the rise of Global Health Governance, and WHO's fight to reassert its position. The core of the paper deals with the conflict on intellectual property rights (IPRs) and access to medicines as a central issue in global health. Between 1995 and 2005, civil society organizations (CSOs) and some emerging powers fought successfully for improving access conditions under the TRIPS agreement (Doha Declaration). WHO's activities to regain the initiative led to the adoption of the Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property (2008) (GSPoA). Chapter 4 analyses the role of NStAs and rising powers (notably BRICS) during negotiations on implementing GSPoA. While CSOs insisted on a binding R&D treaty, BRICS countries finally agreed to more modest results. They support the welfare-orientation and the intergovernmental character of WHO but without seriously challenging basic rules in the global economy. Finally, consensus within WHO was restraint to issues which did not touch the basic IPR framework

Control of Communicable Diseases as a Global Public Good

The article aims at giving a comprehensive overview on controlling communicable diseases (CCD) and discusses the implications of providing CCD as a global public good (GPG). After a short introductory summary of the history of CCD, Sections "PUBLIC (COMMON) GOODS" and "GLOBAL PUBLIC GOODS" offer a concise definition of the concepts of "public goods" and "global public goods". Sections "INTERNATIONAL HEALTH REGULATIONS (1969–2005) AS A GPG" and "IHR (2005) AND CCD" critically analyse the International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005) as a means to provide CCD as a GPG, and argues that it falls short of that goal as (a) many countries are not able to provide the "Core Capacity Requirements for Surveillance and Response" because of severe deficits of their health systems, (b) the IHR do not include HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, etc. which are a constant threat in infested regions (and to international transmission) and may be called "chronic infectious diseases" and (c) ignore the issue of fighting antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, full global health security (accepting the highest attainable standard of health as a human right) needs an integrated CCD which implied that CCD is provided as a GPG, including minimal standards of health everywhere, a "One-Health" approach, and the perspective of "Health in All Policies" (Section "TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AS A GPG"). Section "FINANCE OF CCD" discusses the dimension of financing CCD as a GPG and poses the question whether an enhanced transnational norm-building and solidarity can be expected. Improving CCD is not only one step towards the goal of "one healthy world", but also depends on a comprehensive improvement of health services

Global health, aid effectiveness and the changing role of the WHO

Since the 1990s the growing number of actors involved has considerably changed the field of global health governance (GHG). Partnerships between states, international governmental organizations (IGOs) such as the WHO, the pharmaceutical industry, and also civil society organizations have helped overcome conflicts between the profit-driven production of medicines and the health needs of poor countries. However, they have also led to a vast entanglement of responsibilities, with the WHO losing its profile as the central authority on global health. In recent years, however, the impacts of the Paris Declaration on GHG and a number of other processes have again strengthened the position of the WHO. (GIGA

Global health governance: conflicts on global social rights

This article analyses the impact of new institutional structures in global health governance (GHG) on the realization of social rights in poor countries. Focusing on the example of global HIV/AIDS politics. The article argues that new governance modes increase the participation of civil society groups and affected communities, but also that they are frequently instrumentalized by powerful actors to pursue their particular interests. In fact, increasing resources are mobilized for the fight against poverty-related diseases. The article concludes that, as the experience of HIV/AIDS politics, the conflicts around the TRIPS Agreement and the development of Global Public-Private Partnerships GPPPs suggest, GHG is characterized by a combination of moral values and material interests that does not guarantee a comprehensive realization of social rights, but which allows some progress in the fight against poverty-related diseases - a step toward realization of social rights

SIMULATION-BASED PERFORMABILITY ANALYSIS OF MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEMS

The primary focus in the analysis of multiprocessor systems has traditionally been on their performance. However, their large number of components, their complex network topologies, and sophisticated system software can make them very unreliable. The dependability of a computing system ought to be considered in an early stage of its development in order to take influence on the system architecture and to achieve best performance with high dependability. In this paper a simulation-based method for the combined performance and dependability analysis of fault tolerant multiprocessor systems are presented which provide meaningful results already during the design phase