Self-recruitment in anemonefish and the impact of marine ornamental fishery in Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia: implications for management and conservation

The yearly amount of traded by middlemen on Spermonde Archipelago (Indonesia) is estimated to about 140,000 specimens A. ocellaris and more than 31,000 anemones. Both A. ocellaris and sea anemone densities (p < 0.01) were significantly lower at reefs with a high exploitation than at reefs with a low exploitation. The size of A. ocellaris individuals was significantly smaller in Barrang Lompo than in Samalona (p < 0.01). The private alleles and allelic richness in Samalona were 4% significantly higher than in Barrang Lompo. The allelic richness was positively correlated with the fish density (p < 0.05). Fish stays largely in place despite its pelagic larvae stage (44 % - 60.7 % self-recruitment). The genetic relatedness revealed a close relation between individuals within a group of A. ocellaris in Barrang Lompo. Conversely, unrelated individuals of A. ocellaris in Samalona and of A. perideraion in Barrang Lompo were observed. Altogether, these results provide important insights how marine ornamental fishery has impacted the population of anemonefish and its host in Spermonde Archipelago

GROWTH RATE, SPATIAL-TEMPORAL VARIATION AND PREVALENCE OF THE ENCRUSTING CYANOSPONGE (Terpios hoshinota) IN SERIBU ISLANDS, JAKARTA

Terpios hoshinota is a cyanosponge encrusted on the substrate in coral reefs that may cause mass mortality on the infested corals. This research was conducted to investigate the magnitude of damage level of corals due to the T. hoshinota outbreaks by assessing its growth rate, spatiotemporal variation, and prevalence between two sites in Seribu Islands. Four-time observation (T0-T3) in over 18 months (2016-2017) was conducted to see the growth level of sponge using a permanently quadratic photo transect method of 5x5 m (250.000cm2). The total coverage area of sponge on study site in the T0 was 65.252cm2 and becomes 81.066cm2 in T3. The highest level occurred on T2 of 2.051cm2/months in Dapur Island (the closest to Jakarta) and 483cm2/months in the Belanda Island (the further site). The highest sponge growth rate occurred on T1-T2 during transitional season from rainy to dry. The lowest growth rate was observed on T3 during transitional season from dry to rainy. In general, prevalence percentage was higher in Belanda Island than in Dapur Island. This study showed a persistence invasion of encrusting T. hoshinota on coral reef ecosystem that may overcome the function and role of associated organisms.Terpios hoshinota adalah cyanosponge bertatahkan pada substrat di terumbu karang yang dapat menyebabkan kematian massal pada karang yang terpapar. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menyelidiki besarnya tingkat kerusakan karang akibat wabah T. hoshinota dengan menilai tingkat pertumbuhan, variasi spasial, dan prevalensi antara dua lokasi di Kepulauan Seribu. Pengamatan empat kali (T0-T3) selama lebih dari 18 bulan (2016-2017) dilakukan untuk melihat tingkat pertumbuhan spons menggunakan metode transek foto kuadrat permanen 5x5 m (250,000cm2). Total cakupan area spons di lokasi penelitian di T0 adalah 65,252cm2 dan menjadi 81,066 cm2 di T3. Level tertinggi terjadi pada T2 2,051cm2/bulan di Pulau Dapur (terdekat dengan Jakarta) dan 483cm2/bulan di Pulau Belanda (situs selanjutnya). Tingkat pertumbuhan spons tertinggi terjadi pada T1 –T2 selama musim transisi dari hujan ke kering. Tingkat pertumbuhan terendah diamati pada T3 selama musim transisi dari kering ke hujan. Secara umum, persentase prevalensi lebih tinggi di Pulau Belanda daripada di Pulau Dapur. Penelitian ini menunjukkan invasi persisten dari T. hoshinota pada ekosistem terumbu karang yang dapat mengatasi fungsi dan peran organisme terkait

Comparison of Macrozoobenthic Abundance in Seagrass Ecosystem During Full and Neap Moon at Panggang Island Seribu Islands

Macrozoobenthic is one of the organisms whose existence is widely present in the seagrass ecosystem. This study aimed to analyze the differences in individual abundance and macrozoobenthic species in full-moons and neap, to see the correlation of macrozoobenthic abundance with seagrass closure, and to know the contribution of macrozoobenthic species to seagrass habitat. The study was conducted in Panggang Island with 3 makrozoobenthic observation stations in the seagrass ecosystem at March and April 2016. Makrozoobenthic data collection in seagrass systematically using 1x1 m quadrant transect method and 10 cm diameter corer for infauna. Analyzing the density, seagrass cover and macrozoobenthic abundance. Analysis statistics of macrozoobenthic abundance data using ANOVA test, macrozoobenthic density correlation with seagrass cover using simple linear regression and contribution of species on full moon and neap using SIMPER analysis. The result of this research shows that there is no real difference of macrozoobenthic individual abundance in full moon and neap. While the species obtained significant significant differences. The SIMPER analysis shows the highest contribution of macrozoobenthic species in each station on the full moon and the neap is the species of Cerithium salebrosum. Conclusions The density of macrozoobenthic species shows a marked difference in the full moon and the neap, but not the individual abundance

Management on Coral Reef Ecosystem in the Siantan Tengah District, Anambas Islands

Coral reef ecosystem management in Siantan Tengah District, Anambas Islands need to be improved to obtain the optimal results. Currently, the coral reef ecosystem management is conducted sectorally, therefore, it can cause a damage on coral reef ecosystem. The purposes of this study were to analyze sustainability status of coral reefs managements in the District Central Siantan and to formulate the sustainability of coral reef ecosystem management. Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) with Rap-Insus COREMAG approach was used to analyze the sustainability status of coral reef management. The results showed that the sustainability status of coral reef management in Siantan Tengah District was sustainable with multidimensional index of 51.457. Dimensions that need to be improved to achieve the optimal management of coral reef ecosystems in a sustainable manner is social dimension to the value of sustainability by 42.324 and institutional dimensions of 49.85 which is classed as less sustainable. This results of this research are expected to be able to facilitate the stakeholders to arrange the sustainability of coral reef ecosystem management in the Siantan Tengah District

The Effect of Organic Sediment Content on Coral Diversity in Karimunjawa Island, Indonesia

Coral reef now are under threats due to sedimentation. Fatal effect of organic rich sediment, leading corals mortality. Therefore, the study was conducted to investigate effect of organic sediment content to the coral diversity in Karimunjawa Island, Central Java, Indonesia. Field data was conducted at 6 locations. Three sediment traps were deployed at each sites to measure organic sediment content. Twenty replicated quadrant transects were used to estimate coral density and coral diversity. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the differences of organic sediment content in each station. The linear regression was used to assess the relationship between organic sediment content and coral diversity. Our field result demonstrated that sediment content significantly different between sites with value range from 0.42 mg/800 ml - 1.32 mg/800 ml. Based on the Simson\u27s Diversity Index, the highest coral diversity found at Alang-alang as site with low sedimentation while the lowest coral diversity was found at Legon Lele as site with high sedimentation. The study shown significant negative correlation between organic sediment content and coral diversity with the coefficient of regression 0.68. This study convinces that disturbance on coral reefs might affect coral diversity in Karimunjawa Island, in addition to other factors such as the influence of human activities, natural disruption and climate change

GENETIC DIVERSITY OF OLIVE RIDLEY Lepidochelys olivacea ASSOCIATED WITH CURRENT PATTERN IN CENDRAWASIH BAY, PAPUA

<p>Cendrawasih Bay is habitat for olive ridley (<em>Lepidochelys olivacea</em>) which is directly adjacent to the Pacific Ocean. The presence and the diversity of <em>L. olivacea</em> in Cendrawasih Bay has been threatened. Genetics can be the key to conservation because they play an important role in maintaining population and recovering from damage. This study aims to determine the genetic diversity of <em>L. olivacea</em> and its association to the current pattern in the waters of Cendrawasih Bay. Samples of <em>L. olivacea</em> (n=20) were collected in Kwatisore (n=8) and Yapen Island (n=12) in Cendrawasih Bay waters from August 2015 to December 2016. The molecular analysis was based on 791-bp fragment of <em>D-Loop</em> on the non-coding region gen. The current pattern analysis was performed through INDESO data and visualized by using Ferret software. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 2 groups of <em>L. olivacea</em> from a total of 2 haplotypes, whose population from Kwatisore was dispersed in two haplotypes, while the population from Yapen Island was only dispersed in one haplotype. Populations from Kwatisore showed higher variations than populations from Yapen Island. The current pattern analysis suggests that the two study sites, Kwatisore and Yapen islands are different. Both populations are only connected by the Northwest monsoon currents period that indicates a little geneflow between this populations. Thus causing differences variation between Kwatisore and Yapen Island populations genetically.</p><p> </p><strong>Keywords: </strong>genetic diversity, current pattern, coral triangle, olive ridle

Suitability of Coral Reef Ecosystem Condition Based on Local Ecology Knowledge with Survey Method in East Coast of Weh Island

Local ecological knowledge (LEK) refers to the knowledge of people in a local community that can be used in assessing environmental conditions as well as reflecting the interaction that occur in an ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to examine condition of coral reef ecosystem based on the LEK's community in a marine protected area east coast weh island (KKPD PTPW) Sabang. Assessment of the coral reef condition based on the local's ecological knowledge is justified from the suitability of the area by comparing map of the coral reefs condition based on LEK and observation map of the coral reefs condition during the study. Based on LEK, it is known that in the PTPW Sabang region coral reefs which falls under deteriorated class is found in the northern sea of Kelurahan Kota Atas, while those which falls under good condition class are found in Ie Meule and Ujung Kareng as well as in Anoi Itam except Benteng. Result from the observations done in 13 stations found that sea region near Sumur Tiga, Ujung Kareung and Benteng have a good coral reefs with a coverage range of 51-65 %. While the sea in Ujung Seuke, Anoi Itam and Reuteuk have a moderate coral reefs with a percentage of coverage ranging from 44- 49. Respondents' perceptions of the coral reef condition during the last 10 years which include 55% respondents in Ie Meule and 74.29% of respondend in Anoi Itam stated that there is an increment of coral reefs coverage

DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF GREEN SEAWEED Caulerpa (Chlorophyta) ACROSS INDONESIAN COASTAL WATERS WITH DIFFERENT NUTRIENT LEVELS: Bintan Island, Jepara, and Osi Island

Rumput laut hijau Caulerpa dapat ditemukan di setiap daerah pesisir Indonesia, dan merupakan salah satu rumput laut dengan potensi besar untuk dikembangkan di masa depan. Parameter kimia, terutama konsentrasi nutrisi di kolom perairan (nitrat, nitrit, fosfat, dan amonia), memainkan peran penting dalam distribusi dan keanekaragaman rumput laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kelimpahan, indeks ekologi, dan hubungan antara konsentrasi nutrisi di kolom perairan dengan keanekaragaman Caulerpa dari tiga lokasi yang berbeda (Pulau Bintan, Jepara, dan Pulau Osi). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korelasi antara kadar nutrisi di perairan dengan kelimpahan dan keanekaragaman Caulerpa di tiga lokasi. Kadar nitrat, amonia, dan rasio DIN:P berbeda secara signifikan berbeda di semua lokasi. Namun demikian, kadar nitrit dan fosfat tidak berbeda secara signifikan di ketiga lokasi. Kadar nitrat dan fosfat tertinggi ditemukan di Pulau Osi. Kadar nitrit dan amonia mencirikan kondisi yang ada di Pulau Bintan. Kadar nitrat merupakan karakteristik utama yang membedakan nutrisi perairan di semua lokasi. Spesies Caulerpa yang ditemukan pada penelitian ini adalah Caulerpa racemosa, Caulerpa lentilifera, Caulerpa serrulata, Caulerpa sertularoides, dan Caulerpa cupresoides. Faktor pertumbuhan rumput laut hijau Caulerpa lentilifera dipengaruhi oleh kadar nitrat dan fosfat. Di sisi lain, kadar amonia menentukan pertumbuhan Caulerpa racemosa dan Caulerpa serrulata. Keragaman dan kelimpahan Caulerpa cupresoides dipengaruhi oleh kadar nitrit. Hasil analisis korespondensi kanonik menunjukkan bahwa parameter nitrat, fosfat, dan amonia menjadi parameter dominan yang mempengaruhi distribusi Caulerpa di tiga lokasi.The green seaweed Caulerpa can be found in almost every coastal area of Indonesia, and it is one of the seaweeds with immense potential to be developed in the future. The chemical factors, especially water nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and ammonia), play an essential role in the distribution and diversity of seaweed. This study aimed to identify the abundance, ecological index, and relationship between the water column nutrients concentration and the biodiversity of Caulerpa from three different locations (Bintan Island, Jepara, and Osi Island). There were 12 points of observation at each site. The result showed a correlation between the nutrient levels and the abundance and diversity of Caulerpa in three locations. The nitrate, ammonia, and DIN:P ratio values were significantly different between areas. In contrast, there were insignificant differences in nitrite and phosphate concentrations between sites. The highest nitrate and phosphate concentrations were observed on Osi Island. The nitrite and ammonia values were identical for the condition on Bintan Island. The nitrate value was the main characteristic that distinguished the water nutrient at all sites. The Caulerpa species found in this research were Caulerpa racemosa, Caulerpa lentilifera, Caulerpa serrulata, Caulerpa sertularoides, and Caulerpa cupresoides. The nitrate and phosphate values influenced the growth factor of the green seaweed Caulerpa lentilifera. Caulerpa racemosa and Caulerpa serrulata, on the other hand, grew in response to ammonia levels. Caulerpa cupresoides diversity and abundance were impacted by the nitrite value. The results of the canonical correspondence analysis revealed that nitrate, phosphate, and ammonia were the most important factors influencing Caulerpa distribution in three locations

Keragaman genetik ikan tuna sirip kuning (Thunnus albacares) dari dua populasi di Laut Maluku, Indonesia

Abstract. Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacores) is a large, pelagic, and migratory species of tuna that inhabits Moluccas Sea in Indonesia, and most sea environment worldwide. However, high fishing activities tend to happen in the Indonesia region and catch product appear to be decreasing. A better understanding of yellowfin tuna genetic diversity is required to plan better conservation strategy of tuna. The study was conducted to infer the genetic diversity of yellowfin tuna (T. albacores) in the Moluccas Sea. A total of 41 tissue samples of yellowfin tuna were collected from two regions in the Moluccas Sea (North Moluccas and Ambon) during an expedition in February 2013. The results showed that genetic diversity and nucleotide diversity of yellowfin tuna from North Moluccas population was 0.984 and 0.021, respectively; while in Ambon population, the genetic and nucleotide diversities were 1.00 and 0.018, respectively. The high genetic diversity (0.990) and nucleotide diversity (0.020) between two populations were observed. Based on phylogenetic analysis, no genetic differentiation between the two populations in Moluccas Sea was revealed .Keywords :  Population genetics; Haplotype diversity; Coral Triangle; Phylogenetics; Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCRs) Abstrak. Tuna sirip kuning (Thunnus albacores) adalah ikan komersial penting dan ditemukan di Laut Maluku, Indonesia. Tetapi, aktivitas penangkapan ikan tuna sirip kuning dapat menurunkan kualitas dan kuantitas stok ikan, sehingga perlu adanya pengkajian keragaman genetik ikan tuna sirip kuning. Pemahaman yang baik tentang keragaman genetika dibutuhkan untuk merencanakan strategi konservasi tuna yang lebih baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman genetik  ikan tuna sirip kuning dari dua populasi di Laut Maluku. Sebanyak 41 sampel jaringan dari tuna sirip kuning dikumpulkan dari dua populasi di Laut Maluku (Maluku Utara dan Ambon) selama ekspedisi pada bulan Februari 2013. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keragaman genetik populasi tuna sirip kuning pada perairan Maluku Utara dan Ambon masing-masing sebesar 0,984 dan 1,00 sedangkan nilai keragaman nukleotida masing-masing bernilai 0,021 dan 0,018. Nilai keragaman genetik dan keragaman nukloetida yang tinggi didaptkan antar kedua populasi masing-masing sebesar 0,990 dan 0,020. Berdasarkan analisis filogenetik, dua populasi di Laut Maluku ini memiliki kedekatan secara genetik.Kata kunci : Genetika populasi; Keragaman haplotipe; Segitiga Terumbu Karang; Filogenetika; Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR