119 research outputs found
A Study of the Regulation of Gifts in Return for the Hometown Tax System : With a Focus on Municipalities in Hokkaido Prefecture
本稿では、ふるさと納税における返礼品規制に対する自治体の対応を調べるために、電話によるアンケート調査、北海道庁、札幌市でのヒヤリング調査を実施した。その結果、返礼品規制に対する各自治体の対応にはかなりの差が見られ、返礼割合が高いにもかかわらず、規制にはしたがわないという自治体が一部に存在することがわかった。総務省の規制には強制力がないため、実効的な規制にはより強力な措置の検討が必要であろう
[Note] On current trends of a hometown tax in Yubari City
ふるさと納税制度に関しては、返礼品競争の過熱が大きな関心を寄せられている。本稿では、返礼品提供に過度に依存することなく、多くの寄附を集めてきた夕張市を取り上げて、その取り組みを夕張市でのヒヤリング調査にもとづき紹介した。本稿では、第1に返礼品の還元率、寄附総額に占める経費比率も他の地方団体に比べて低く、節度ある制度の利用をおこなっていること、第2に寄附者が直接支援する団体を選択できるという意味で寄附者の意思をより尊重する仕組みを構築していること、第3に情報公開の度合いについても先進的な地方団体であることがわかった。最後に、本稿で紹介した事例を参考にふるさと納税制度のあり方について考えると、税制の見直しに加えて返礼品規制の強化も検討すべき段階にきていると言える。返礼品規制の強化の方向性としては、返礼品の還元率が5割を超えるような地方団体や、寄附金の活用状況を公開していない地方団体については、地方税の特例控除を認めないといった措置を検討すべきだろう
On the Effect of Revision of the Hometown Tax System
平成31年度税制改正に伴い、2019年6月よりふるさと納税制度は新制度へ移行した。過度な返礼品を送付するなど制度の趣旨を歪めている自治体は、特例控除の適用外とされた。本稿の目的は、新制度の移行がもたらしたマクロ的な影響と個別自治体への影響を調べ、新制度移行の成果を確認するところにある。本稿で得られた結果は、以下のようにまとめることができる。第1に、マクロ的には自治体の受け入れた寄附額から、返礼品等への支出した費用総額を差し引いた実質的な寄附受入額は、新制度移行前の2018年度よりも新制度移行後の2019年度の方が増加したことがわかった。第2に、2019年度の寄附受入額上位10団体の返礼割合は、新制度適用前の駆け込み需要が発生した泉佐野市を除く9団体すべてにおいて30%以下に低下していることがわかった。第3に、2018年度の寄附受入額全国1位の泉佐野市は、新制度から除外されたものの、2019年度においても、全国1位となっている。ただし、受入金額、ふるさと納税の総額に占めるシェアの両方が低下していたことがわかった。第4に、新制度移行に伴い魅力的な寄附メニューによって寄附を集めようとしている取り組みが見られるものの、魅力的な特産品を提供できる自治体に多くの寄附があつまるという傾向自体は変わらないことがわかった。本稿の分析を踏まえると、新制度移行自体は、ポジティブに評価できるであろう。樫原正澄先生退職記念
医療系学生による患者情報に関する事故の概要と対応 : 教育機関が把握しておくべき法的対応を中心として
本研究では,医療系学生の患者情報(主として実習時における患者情報)に関する事故の概要とその対策対応,その中でも特に教育機関が理解しておかなければならない法的対応を明らかにすることを目的とした.対象として,2005年1月~2013年6月の8年6か月年間に報告・報道された医療系実習生による個人情報の取り扱い事故を収集し,そのうち12件の事故を分析対象とした.事故原因としては,ファイル共有ソフトを介した情報の流出が5件ともっとも多く,次いでUSBメモリの紛失が3件,SNSやTwitterへの情報の書き込みが2件,資料及びノートパソコンの置き忘れと書類の誤廃棄が各1件の順であった. 教育機関が把握しておくべき法的対応としては,(1)患者と実習施設,(2)実習施設と実習生,(3)実習施設と教育機関,(4)教育機関と実習生の,計4種類の関係が挙げられる.そして,学生は刑事罰に処せられることはないが,民事上の守秘義務が生じる可能性があり,教育機関としては,専門職の義務として公正であることを指導すべきである
Research integrity in Instructions for Authors in Japanese medical journals using ICMJE Recommendations: A descriptive literature study
Koizumi Shiho, Ide Kazuki, Becker Carl, et al. Research integrity in Instructions for Authors in Japanese medical journals using ICMJE Recommendations: A descriptive literature study. PLOS ONE 19, e0305707 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305707
Time definition of reintubation most relevant to patient outcomes in critically ill patients: a multicenter cohort study
Background: Reintubation is a common complication in critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Although reintubation has been demonstrated to be associated with patient outcomes, its time definition varies widely among guidelines and in the literature. This study aimed to determine the association between reintubation and patient outcomes as well as the consequences of the time elapsed between extubation and reintubation on patient outcomes. Methods: This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study of critically ill patients conducted between April 2015 and March 2021. Adult patients who underwent mechanical ventilation and extubation in intensive care units (ICUs) were investigated utilizing the Japanese Intensive Care PAtient Database. The primary and secondary outcomes were in-hospital and ICU mortality. The association between reintubation and clinical outcomes was studied using Cox proportional hazards analysis. Among the patients who underwent reintubation, a Cox proportional hazard analysis was conducted to evaluate patient outcomes according to the number of days from extubation to reintubation. Results: Overall, 184,705 patients in 75 ICUs were screened, and 1849 patients underwent reintubation among 48,082 extubated patients. After adjustment for potential confounders, multivariable analysis revealed a significant association between reintubation and increased in-hospital and ICU mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.520, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.359–1.700, and adjusted HR 1.325, 95% CI 1.076–1.633, respectively). Among the reintubated patients, 1037 (56.1%) were reintubated within 24 h after extubation, 418 (22.6%) at 24–48 h, 198 (10.7%) at 48–72 h, 111 (6.0%) at 72–96 h, and 85 (4.6%) at 96–120 h. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that in-hospital and ICU mortality was highest in patients reintubated at 72–96 h (adjusted HR 1.528, 95% CI 1.062–2.197, and adjusted HR 1.334, 95% CI 0.756–2.352, respectively; referenced to reintubation within 24 h). Conclusions: Reintubation was associated with a significant increase in in-hospital and ICU mortality. The highest mortality rates were observed in patients who were reintubated between 72 and 96 h after extubation. Further studies are warranted for the optimal observation of extubated patients in clinical practice and to strengthen the evidence for mechanical ventilation.Tanaka A., Shimomura Y., Uchiyama A., et al. Time definition of reintubation most relevant to patient outcomes in critically ill patients: a multicenter cohort study. Critical Care 27, 378 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-023-04668-3
Assessment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Ablation Margins Using Fused Pre-ablation Hepatobiliary Phase and Post-ablation Unenhanced T1-weighted Images
This study retrospectively investigated the value of fusing a pre-ablation hepatobiliary phase(HBP)series and post-ablation unenhanced T1-weighted images(T1WIs)to evaluate the treatment effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). Predictors of local tumor progression(LTP)were also identified. Our study comprised 47 patients with 88 HCCs(>2 years follow up)who underwent pre-ablation gadoxetate disodium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and post-ablation T1-weighted imaging. For the new assessment, pre-ablation HBP series and post-ablation T1WIs were fused using a rigid registration and manual correlation, and the ablation margin appearance was classified as ablation margin(+), ablation margin zero, ablation margin(−), or indeterminate(index tumor was invisible)based on the post-ablation T1WIs and fusion images. The minimal ablation margin was measured and clinical factors were investigated to identify other risk factors for LTP, which was observed in 14 tumors. The mean minimal ablation margin was 1.9mm, excluding 5 indeterminate nodules without LTP, and 8 ablation margin-zero HCCs with LTP, with multivariate logistic regression analysis showing that the likelihood of ablation margin+was inversely proportional to tumor size. The independent risk factors for LTP were not identified, but the cumulative LTP rates(0% at 1, 2, and 3 years)in 41 ablation margin+ nodules were significantly lower(P=0.005)than those(8.8%, 17.6%, and 17.6% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively)in 34 ablation margin-zero nodules. In conclusion, fusion images might show an early therapeutic response of the ablated tumors in the majority of HCC cases
Parsing human skeletons in an operating room
Multiple human pose estimation is an important yet challenging problem. In an Operating Room (OR) environment, the 3D body poses of surgeons and medical staff can provide important clues for surgical workflow analysis. For that purpose, we propose an algorithm for localizing and recovering body poses of multiple human in an OR environment under a multi-camera setup. Our model builds on 3D Pictorial Structures (3DPS) and 2D body part localization across all camera views, using Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets). To evaluate our algorithm, we introduce a dataset captured in a real OR environment. Our dataset is unique, challenging and publicly available with annotated ground truths. Our proposed algorithm yields to promising pose estimation results on this dataset
Multifocal Motor Neuropathy
Objective: Our objective was to do an epidemiologic survey of patients with multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) in comparison with those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in Japan.
Methods: In this retrospective study, we examined 46 patients with MMN and 1,051 patients with ALS from major neuromuscular centers in Japan from 2005 to 2009. Diagnosis was based on the European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society (EFNS/PNS) and the revised El Escorial criteria. The efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) was also taken into consideration in the diagnosis of MMN.
Results: The ratio of MMN to ALS patients (0-0.10) varied among the centers, but mostly converged to 0.05. The prevalence was estimated to be 0.29 MMN patients and 6.63 ALS patients per 100,000 population.
Conclusions: The frequency of MMN patients was around 1 out of 20 ALS patients, and MMN was possibly underdiagnosed in some centers
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