1,269 research outputs found
Altered expression of Alzheimer's disease-related proteins in male hypogonadal mice
Age-related depletion of estrogens and androgens is associated with an increase in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain pathology and diminished cognitive function. Here we investigated AD-associated molecular and cellular changes in brains of aged hypogonadal (hpg) male and female mice. hpg Mice have a spontaneous, inactivating genetic mutation in the GnRH gene resulting in lifelong deficiency of gonadotropins and gonadal sex hormones. Western blot analysis revealed low levels of amyloid precursor protein and high levels of presenilin 1, amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragment, and beta-amyloid 42 in brains of aged male, but not female, hpg mice. Changes were confined to the hippocampus and were not evident in the cerebellum or other brain tissues. Male hpg mice tended to have lower levels of IL-1 beta protein than male littermate controls. Immunohistochemical staining of the basal forebrain revealed that male hpg mice had lower choline acetyltransferase levels per neuron compared with controls. These AD-like changes specific to male hpg mice supports a link between androgen depletion and the development of AD pathology
Dissolving D0-brane into D2-brane with background B-field
D0-branes on a D2-brane with a constant background B-field are unstable due
to the presence of a tachyonic mode and expected to dissolve into the D2-brane
to formulate a constant D0-charge density. In this paper we study such a
dissolution process in terms of a noncommutative gauge theory. Our results show
that the localized D0-brane spreads out over all of space on the D2-brane as
the tachyon rolls down into a stable vacuum. D0-branes on a D2-brane can be
described as unstable solitons in a noncommutative gauge theory in 2+1
dimensions in the Seiberg-Witten limit. In contrast to the case of annihilation
of a non-BPS D-brane, we are free from difficulty of disappearance of DOF,
since there exist open strings after the tachyon condensation. We solve an
equation of motion of the gauge field numerically, and our results show that
the localized soliton smears over all of noncommutative space. In addition, we
evaluate distributions of D-brane charge, F-string charge, and energy density
via formulas derived in Matrix theory. Our results show that the initial
singularities of D0-charge and energy density are resolved by turning on the
tachyon, and they disperse over the whole space on the D2-brane during the
tachyon condensation process.Comment: 42 pages, 20 figures, JHEP style; references added, clarifications
added in section 3.1; references adde
Non-Commutative Instantons and the Seiberg-Witten Map
We present several results concerning non-commutative instantons and the
Seiberg-Witten map. Using a simple ansatz we find a large new class of
instanton solutions in arbitrary even dimensional non-commutative Yang-Mills
theory. These include the two dimensional ``shift operator'' solutions and the
four dimensional Nekrasov-Schwarz instantons as special cases. We also study
how the Seiberg-Witten map acts on these instanton solutions. The infinitesimal
Seiberg-Witten map is shown to take a very simple form in operator language,
and this result is used to give a commutative description of non-commutative
instantons. The instanton is found to be singular in commutative variables.Comment: 26 pages, AMS-LaTeX. v2: the formula for the commutative description
of the Nekrasov-Schwarz instanton corrected (sec. 4). v3: minor correction
Localized Tachyons and the g_cl conjecture
We consider C/Z_N and C^2/Z_N orbifolds of heterotic string theories and Z_N
orbifolds of AdS_3. We study theories with N=2 worldsheet superconformal
invariance and construct RG flows. Following Harvey, Kutasov, Martinec and
Moore, we compute g_cl and show that it decreases monotonically along RG flows-
as conjectured by them. For the heterotic string theories, the gauge degrees of
freedom do not contribute to the computation of g_cl.Comment: Corrections and clarifications made, 19 page
Puffed Noncommutative Nonabelian Vortices
We present new solutions of noncommutative gauge theories in which coincident
unstable vortices expand into unstable circular shells. As the theories are
noncommutative, the naive definition of the locations of the vortices and
shells is gauge-dependent, and so we define and calculate the profiles of these
solutions using the gauge-invariant noncommutative Wilson lines introduced by
Gross and Nekrasov. We find that charge 2 vortex solutions are characterized by
two positions and a single nonnegative real number, which we demonstrate is the
radius of the shell. We find that the radius is identically zero in all
2-dimensional solutions. If one considers solutions that depend on an
additional commutative direction, then there are time-dependent solutions in
which the radius oscillates, resembling a braneworld description of a cyclic
universe. There are also smooth BIon-like space-dependent solutions in which
the shell expands to infinity, describing a vortex ending on a domain wall.Comment: 21 pages, 3 eps figures. v2: published version, analytic solution
adde
Open String Star as a Continuous Moyal Product
We establish that the open string star product in the zero momentum sector
can be described as a continuous tensor product of mutually commuting two
dimensional Moyal star products. Let the continuous variable parametrize the eigenvalues of the Neumann matrices; then the
noncommutativity parameter is given by .
For each , the Moyal coordinates are a linear combination of even
position modes, and the Fourier transform of a linear combination of odd
position modes. The commuting coordinate at is identified as the
momentum carried by half the string. We discuss the relation to Bars' work, and
attempt to write the string field action as a noncommutative field theory.Comment: 30 pages, LaTeX. One reference adde
Non-BPS Solutions of the Noncommutative CP^1 Model in 2+1 Dimensions
We find non-BPS solutions of the noncommutative CP^1 model in 2+1 dimensions.
These solutions correspond to soliton anti-soliton configurations. We show that
the one-soliton one-anti-soliton solution is unstable when the distance between
the soliton and the anti-soliton is small. We also construct time-dependent
solutions and other types of solutions.Comment: 11 pages, minor correction
Unstable solitons on noncommutative tori and D-branes
We describe a class of exact solutions of super Yang-Mills theory on
even-dimensional noncommutative tori. These solutions generalize the solitons
on a noncommutative plane introduced in hep-th/0009142 that are conjectured to
describe unstable D2p-D0 systems. We show that the spectrum of quadratic
fluctuations around our solutions correctly reproduces the string spectrum of
the D2p-D0 system in the Seiberg-Witten decoupling limit. In particular the
fluctuations correctly reproduce the 0-0 string winding modes. For p=1 and p=2
we match the differences between the soliton energy and the energy of an
appropriate SYM BPS state with the binding energies of D2-D0 and D4-D0 systems.
We also give an example of a soliton that we conjecture describes branes of
intermediate dimension on a torus such as a D2-D4 system on a four-torus.Comment: 22 pages, Latex; v.2: references adde
Comments on Noncommutative Sigma Models
We review the derivation of a noncommutative version of the nonlinear sigma
model on \CPn and it's soliton solutions for finite emphasizing the
similarities it bears to the GMS scalar field theory. It is also shown that
unlike the scalar theory, some care needs to be taken in defining the
topological charge of BPS solitons of the theory due to nonvanishing surface
terms in the energy functional. Finally it is shown that, like its commutative
analogue, the noncommutative \CPn-model also exhibits a non-BPS sector.
Unlike the commutative case however, there are some surprises in the
noncommutative case that merit further study.Comment: 22 pages, 4 figures, LaTeX (JHEP3), Minor changes, Discussion
expanded and references adde
Dualities, Twists, and Gauge Theories with Non-Constant Non-Commutativity
We study the world volume theory of D3-branes wrapping the Melvin universe
supported by background NSNS B-field. In the appropriate decoupling limit, the
open string dynamics is that of non-commutative guage field theory with
non-constant non-commutativity. We identify this model as a simple Melvin twist
of flat D3 branes. Along similar lines, one recognizes the model of Hashimoto
and Sethi as being the Melvin null twist, and the model of Dolan and Nappi as
being the null Melvin twist, of the flat D3-brane. This construction therefore
offers a unified perspective on most of the known explicit constructions of
non-commutative gauge theories as a decoupled theory of D-branes in a B-field
background. We also describe the world volume theory on the D3-brane in Melvin
universe which is decaying via the nucleation of monopole anti-monopole pair.Comment: 18 pages, 1 figure, References added, typo correcte
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