Desenvolvimento do tomateiro e modificações nas propriedades químicas do solo em função da aplicação de resíduos orgânicos, sob cultivo protegido Development of tomato and changes in soil properties with organic materials application in greenhouse

O experimento foi conduzido de fevereiro a agosto de 1997 no município de Piracicaba (SP), a fim de avaliar os efeitos de doses e resíduos orgânicos no desenvolvimento do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cultivado em estufa e nos atributos químicos de um solo Podzólico vermelho-amarelo abrupto, A moderado, textura arenosa/média. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3 x 4, sendo usados três resíduos orgânicos [composto de lodo de cervejaria e cavaco de eucalipto (CLC), composto de lixo (CL) e cama de frango (CF)] e quatro doses equivalentes a 0; 100; 150 e 200 kg ha-1 de N, com quatro repetições. A produção de frutos de tomate não aumentou com a adição dos materiais orgânicos. A aplicação de CF reduziu o pH e o teor de Mg no solo. As doses do CLC elevaram o conteúdo de matéria orgânica, o teor de cálcio trocável e a capacidade de troca de cátions do solo. O CL, por sua vez, não alterou as propriedades químicas do solo.<br>An experiment was carried out between February and August/97 to evaluate the effects of different organic wastes on the growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) plants and on the chemical properties of an Ultisol soil. The experimental design was of complete randomized blocks with four replicates and treatments disposed in a factorial 3x4: three organic wastes [malt residue and eucalyptus chip compost (CLC), urban solid waste compost (CL) and chicken litter (CF)] and four rates equivalent to 0; 100; 150 and 200 kg ha-1 of N. The fruit yield did not increase with organic waste additions. CF application decreased the pH and exchange Mg of soil. CLC addition increased the organic matter; exchange Ca and cation exchange capacity of soil. However, CL did not change the soil chemical properties

A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee

Many clinical trials have evaluated the benefit of long-term use of antiplatelet drugs in reducing the risk of clinical thrombotic events. Aspirin and ticlopidine have been shown to be effective, but both have potentially serious adverse effects. Clopidogrel, a new thienopyridine derivative similar to ticlopidine, is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate. METHODS: CAPRIE was a randomised, blinded, international trial designed to assess the relative efficacy of clopidogrel (75 mg once daily) and aspirin (325 mg once daily) in reducing the risk of a composite outcome cluster of ischaemic stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death; their relative safety was also assessed. The population studied comprised subgroups of patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease manifested as either recent ischaemic stroke, recent myocardial infarction, or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Patients were followed for 1 to 3 years. FINDINGS: 19,185 patients, with more than 6300 in each of the clinical subgroups, were recruited over 3 years, with a mean follow-up of 1.91 years. There were 1960 first events included in the outcome cluster on which an intention-to-treat analysis showed that patients treated with clopidogrel had an annual 5.32% risk of ischaemic stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death compared with 5.83% with aspirin. These rates reflect a statistically significant (p = 0.043) relative-risk reduction of 8.7% in favour of clopidogrel (95% Cl 0.3-16.5). Corresponding on-treatment analysis yielded a relative-risk reduction of 9.4%. There were no major differences in terms of safety. Reported adverse experiences in the clopidogrel and aspirin groups judged to be severe included rash (0.26% vs 0.10%), diarrhoea (0.23% vs 0.11%), upper gastrointestinal discomfort (0.97% vs 1.22%), intracranial haemorrhage (0.33% vs 0.47%), and gastrointestinal haemorrhage (0.52% vs 0.72%), respectively. There were ten (0.10%) patients in the clopidogrel group with significant reductions in neutrophils (< 1.2 x 10(9)/L) and 16 (0.17%) in the aspirin group. INTERPRETATION: Long-term administration of clopidogrel to patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease is more effective than aspirin in reducing the combined risk of ischaemic stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death. The overall safety profile of clopidogrel is at least as good as that of medium-dose aspirin

The ASOS Surgical Risk Calculator: development and validation of a tool for identifying African surgical patients at risk of severe postoperative complications

Background: The African Surgical Outcomes Study (ASOS) showed that surgical patients in Africa have a mortality twice the global average. Existing risk assessment tools are not valid for use in this population because the pattern of risk for poor outcomes differs from high-income countries. The objective of this study was to derive and validate a simple, preoperative risk stratification tool to identify African surgical patients at risk for in-hospital postoperative mortality and severe complications. Methods: ASOS was a 7-day prospective cohort study of adult patients undergoing surgery in Africa. The ASOS Surgical Risk Calculator was constructed with a multivariable logistic regression model for the outcome of in-hospital mortality and severe postoperative complications. The following preoperative risk factors were entered into the model; age, sex, smoking status, ASA physical status, preoperative chronic comorbid conditions, indication for surgery, urgency, severity, and type of surgery. Results: The model was derived from 8799 patients from 168 African hospitals. The composite outcome of severe postoperative complications and death occurred in 423/8799 (4.8%) patients. The ASOS Surgical Risk Calculator includes the following risk factors: age, ASA physical status, indication for surgery, urgency, severity, and type of surgery. The model showed good discrimination with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.805 and good calibration with c-statistic corrected for optimism of 0.784. Conclusions: This simple preoperative risk calculator could be used to identify high-risk surgical patients in African hospitals and facilitate increased postoperative surveillance. © 2018 British Journal of Anaesthesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Medical Research Council of South Africa gran