Combat-ldentificationtechnieken

In dit artikel wordt een overzicht gegeven van de problematiek rondom het thema “eigen vuur” en de mogelijke maatregelen die men kan treffen om deze problematiek te verminderen. Daarbij ligt de focus op technologische maatregelen variërend van systemen die de situational awareness bevorderen door middel van het opbouwen en doorgeven van een common operational picture (COP), systemen voor gerichte target identification (TID) tot systemen voor noncooperative target recognition (NCTR). Het artikel beperkt zich tot technologieën die redelijk uitontwikkeld zijn. Elke categorie wordt kort toegelicht. Na deze beschrijving wordt kort ingegaan op niet-technologische maatregelen. Het artikel eindigt met een aantal conclusies rondom de mogelijke maatregele

A New Method for the Correction of γ-γ Correlation Matrices

A new method for the correction of γ-γ correlation matrices based on the unfolding of the detector response function is presented. Results from this unfolding method are given for coincidence data from the reaction 24Mg + 16O at a beam energy of 44 MeV. The method is compared with an earlier introduced standard correction method.

Triggering Adaptive Automation in Naval Command and Control

In many control domains (plant control, air traffic control, military command and control) humans are assisted by computer systems during their assessment of the situation and their subsequent decision making. As computer power increases and novel algorithms are being developed, machines move slowly towards capabilities similar to humans, leading in turn to an increased level of control being delegated to them. This technological push has led to innovative but at the same time complex systems enabling humans to work more efficiently and/or effectively. However, in these complex and information-rich environments, task demands can still exceed the cognitive resources of humans, leading to a state of overload due to fluctuations in tasks and the environment. Such a state is characterized by excessive demands on human cognitive capabilities resulting in lowered efficiency, effectiveness, and/or satisfaction. More specifically, we focus on the human-machine adaptive process that attempts to cope with varying task and environmental demands. In the research field of adaptive control an adaptive controller is a controller with adjustable parameters and a mechanism for adjusting the parameters (Astrom & Wittenmark, 1994, p. 1) as the parameters of the system being controlled are slowly time-varying or uncertain. The classic example concerns an airplane where the mass decreases slowly during flight as fuel is being consumed. More specifically, the controller being adjusted is the process that regulates the fuel intake resulting in thrust as output. The parameters of this process are adjusted as the airplane mass decreases resulting in less fuel being injected to yield the same speed. In a similar fashion a human-machine ensemble can be considered an adaptive controller. In this case, human cognition is a slowly time-varying parameter, the adjustable parameters are the task sets that can be varied between human and machine, and the control mechanism is an algorithm that âhas insightâ in the workload of the human operator (i.e., an algoritm that monitors human workload). Human performance is reasonably optimal when the human has a workload that falls within certain margins; severe performance reductions result from a workload that is either too high or (maybe surprisingly) too low. Consider a situation where the human-machine ensemble works in cooperation in order to control a process or situation. Both the human and the machine cycle through an information processing loop, collecting data, interpreting the situation, deciding on actions to achieve one or more stated goals and acting on the decisions (see for example Coram, 2002

Adaptive Automation Based on an Object-Oriented Task Model: Implementation and Evaluation in a Realistic C2 Environment

Staffing reduction initiatives and more complicated military operations lead to a higher cognitive workload in command and control (C2) environments. Extending automation with adaptive capabilities can aid the human in overcoming cognitive workload challenges. At present, most adaptive automation research has focused on laboratory experiments and only limited research has aimed to implement and validate adaptive automation in a real-world setting. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of adaptive automation in precisely such a setting, extending the scientific knowledge base of adaptive systems with an evaluation of a real-world adaptive task. Implementing adaptive automation in a real-world C2 setting required extending current adaptive automation theories with an object-oriented task model and a hybrid triggering mechanism. The extended model was evaluated with eight naval officers using a high-fidelity C2 environment and showed an overall efficiency effect of 60%. Furthermore, no negative side effects of adaptive automation have been found, and the data show that the scenarios were manipulated correctly. In addition, the positive efficiency effects appear most strongly in the more complicated asymmetrical scenarios (65%). This latter conclusion shows that adaptive automation can be a valuable contribution to future C2 system

Adaptive Automation in a Naval Combat Management System

There is a continuing trend of letting fewer people deal with larger amounts of information in more complex situations using highly automated systems. In such circumstances, there is a risk that people are overwhelmed by information during intense periods or, on the other hand, do not build sufficient situational awareness during periods of slack to deal with situations where human intervention becomes necessary. A number of studies show encouraging results in increasing the efficiency of human–machine systems by making the automation adapt itself to the human needs. Current literature shows no examples of adaptive automation in real operational settings, however.We introduce a fine-grained adaptation methodology based on well-established concepts that is easy to comprehend and likely to be accepted by the end user. At the same time, we let the machine operate like a virtual team member in that it continuously builds its own view of the situation independent from the human. Working agreements between human and machine provide lower and upper bounds of automation that are in advance determined by the end user so that unwanted appropriation of responsibility by the machine is avoided. The framework is domain neutral and therefore thought to be applicable across a wide range of complex systems, both military and civilian. It gives researchers an architecture that they can use in their own work to get adaptive automation up and running quickly and easil

A smarter common operational picture: The application of abstraction hierarchies to naval command and control

The last decade shows significant steps in connecting military command and control systems from different defense forces optimizing joint and combined operations. However, a Common Operational Picture (COP) that provides all actors with sufficient, accurate, and timely information is still an elusive target. Additional and more abstract information is required to comprehend the situation better, including a representation of the friendly, neutral and hostile courses of action and the roles of units therein. A starting point for a more advanced COP is work by Rasmussen and Vicente on abstraction decomposition spaces. While working with complex socio-technical systems, people construct a mental model with several levels of abstraction allowing humans to diagnose unexpected behavior and problems faster and better. This paper describes a multi-level information model that we intend to use as the framework for a COP. A task analysis has led to the identification of input and output of command and control processes that have been used to populate the information model. Using various warfare scenarios, discussions with naval personnel were used to validate the model. Experiments with naval personnel are planned for the future in order to evaluate the effects on performance, situational awareness, and coordination with other parties.MediamaticsElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc

The structure of 26Mg investigated with the (d, p) reaction

Angular distributions have been measured for the 25Mg(d, p)26Mg reaction at 13 MeV leading to excited states between Ex = 0 and 8 MeV. Experimental cross sections are compared with DWBA calculations and extended shell-model calculations in the full sd shell. Spin and parity restrictions are obtained for several levels in the region Ex = 6−;8 MeV. Spectroseopic factors for transitions to the lowest four positive-parity states of each spin are well reproduced by the shell-model calculations; however, in mixed configurations the largest component is systematically underestimated by the shell model. Only 60% of the strength for s1/2 transfer is observed

The structure of 26Mg investigated with the (d, p) reaction

Angular distributions have been measured for the 25Mg(d, p)26Mg reaction at 13 MeV leading to excited states between Ex = 0 and 8 MeV. Experimental cross sections are compared with DWBA calculations and extended shell-model calculations in the full sd shell. Spin and parity restrictions are obtained for several levels in the region Ex = 6−;8 MeV. Spectroseopic factors for transitions to the lowest four positive-parity states of each spin are well reproduced by the shell-model calculations; however, in mixed configurations the largest component is systematically underestimated by the shell model. Only 60% of the strength for s1/2 transfer is observed

Coincident high-velocity DSA lifetime measurements on excited states of Si isotopes and stopping power investigations

Mean lives of low-lying states of 28Si, 29Si and 30Si have been measured with the coincident high-velocity DSA method by 28Si bombardment of 2H, 3H and 4He targets. The recoils with an initial velocity of about 0.048c are slowed down in Mg, Cu, Ag and Au. The emitted γ-ray Doppler patterns are observed with a Ge(Li) detector at θγ = 0° in coincidence with outgoing particles. The results are: 28Si, τm (1.78 rnMeV) = 688 ± 26 fs; 29rnSi, 420±15, 442±14, 26.6±1.6, 46±3 and 3740 ± 190 fs for states at 1.27, 2.03, 2.43, 3.07 and 3.62 MeV, respectively; 30Si, τm (2.24 MeV) = 358 + 18 fs. The deduced transition strengths are compared with shell-model calculations. Stopping powers obtained from Ziegler's effective charge parametrization are compared to experimental data. The usual DSA procedure is also reversed in the sense that a well-established mean life is used to deduce the electronic stopping power for Si ions in Mg. The result found is verified by other DSA measurements