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Book Chapter. Book Title: Coastal Agricultural Resource Inventory: An overview and way forward. (2020). Ed(s): Chakurkar E. B., Desai A. R., Thangam M., Manohara K. K., Shivasharanappa N., Gokuldas P.P., Rajkumar R. S., Mahajan G. R., Susitha R., Vishwanatha Reddy K., Sreekanth G. B., Paramesha V., Das B., Desai S., Chethan Kumar H. B., Mayekar T. and Nayak N. ICAR–CCARI, Old Goa, Goa, India. ISBN - 978-93-5406-829-4, pp: 1-288.Not AvailableNot Availabl

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Flood-impacted animal husbandry in Ernakulam district of Kerala- Observations and RecommendationsFlood-impacted animal husbandry in Ernakulam district of Kerala- Observations and RecommendationsNot Availabl

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Not AvailableJapanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne zoonosis caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). It is a leading cause of encephalitis in humans especially children in Asia. Aquatic wading birds are the reservoirs and pigs serve as amplifying hosts for JEV. Humans and horses are dead-end hosts. JE is endemic in several states of India. Goa, a small state on the west coast of India, had witnessed JE outbreaks in the past and as on date human JE cases are reported sporadically. Although human JE cases are well documented in Goa, the status of JEV exposure of pigs has not been well documented. Hence the present study was undertaken with an objective of identifying JEV exposure in the pig population of Goa state in the light of declining human JE cases. To achieve the objective, between January 2017 and May 2019, serum samples from 666 pigs were screened using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of anti-JEV IgG. The apparent prevalence of anti-JEV IgG in pigs was found to be 7.1 % (95 % confidence interval 5.3 %-9.3 %) and true prevalence was 4.6 % (95 % confidence interval 2.7 %-7.1 %). The seroprevalence of JE recorded in pigs of Goa state was low compared to other endemic states in India, which may also be one of the reasons for the lower prevalence of human JE cases in Goa state. Univariate analysis revealed that the age of the pigs and district did not significantly influence the JE seroprevalence in pigs of Goa state. However, in multivariable logistic regression, the North Goa district was found to significantly (p = 0.017) influence the JE seroprevalence in pigs. The study identified that JEV is still circulating in the Goan pig population and hence constant vigil is required to monitor the intensity of JEV circulation in pigs. Besides forewarning possible human outbreaks in the locality, evidence of JEV exposure in pig population provides valuable data on the magnitude and extent of geographical spread.Indian Council of Agricultural Researc

Extension Folder No. 79

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Not AvailablePig farming is one of the most economically viable options for the rural backward and resource-poor farmers in Asian countries. Growth rate and litter size are the most important traits based on which the crossbreeding programs are typically planned in commercial pig farming. The modern system of farming with high yielding improved pig germplasm helps in economic growth in piggery enterprises. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of various genetic and non-genetic factors on growth and reproductive performances of 75% crossbred progenies of Large White Yorkshire and indigenous Agonda Goan pigs. Body weights were recorded at birth, weaning, and at monthly intervals up to 10 months of age. Reproductive performances were also recorded for litter size and weights at birth and weaning stages, age at first farrowing, number of services per conception, farrowing interval, and pre-weaning mortality. The general linear model was used to estimate overall least square means of body weights at different ages considering the effects of different factors at certain levels viz., generation (i = first, second, third, fourth), sex (j = male, female), litter size at birth (k = 1–3, 4–6, 7–9, ≥10), parity (l = 1, 2, ≥3), season (m = summer, rainy, spring), and period of birth (n = 2012–2015, 2016–2019). The heritability and genetic correlations for different traits were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method using WOMBAT software. The re(production) parameters were analyzed to assess the genetic improvement in successive generations. There was significant difference (p < 0.01) in body weights among different generations where animals belonging to latest generation showed maximum body weights indicating ideal selective breeding in the herd. Other fixed effects also had significant effects on growth performance which clearly signifies to the crucial influence of rearing environment and animal factors like parity of dams as well as litter size at birth. The overall birth weight, weaning weight, and weight at 10 months of age were 1.00 ± 0.01 kg, 7.57 ± 0.07 kg, and 81.58 ± 1.96 kg, respectively. Nevertheless, weaning weight and weight at marketing age (8 months) were 8.04 ± 0.27 kg and 75.48 ± 1.40 kg, respectively, in fourth generation, indicating higher post-weaning growth rate of 337.20 g/day. During this fourth generation, mean litter size at birth was 8.35 ± 0.43 and litter size at weaning was 7.79 ± 0.39 with lowest percentage of pre-weaning mortality (4.11 ± 1.51). The average age at first farrowing and farrowing interval was 293 ± 17.24 and 195 ± 4.78 days, respectively. There was apparently greater genetic gain in each generation except for the second generation which might be due to the environment and managemental issues that hindered reproductive performance traits and body growth. The heritability estimate for weaning weight was 0.45 and higher heritability values were observed for all the body weights except weight at third month. Genetic as well as phenotypic correlations were moderate to high among the growth traits. The heritability and genetic correlations at birth and weaning indicate the reliability of selection at an early age. The findings indicated that there is scope for improvement through genetic selection in later generations and the 75% crossbred pigs thrived well in the prevailing hot and humid tropical coastal climate. The improved germplasm could satisfy the farmers’ need in a commercial venture with high economic return.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableShiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 and several other serogroups of non-O157 STEC strains present as commensalism bacteria in small ruminants that possess a high potential of attaining pathogenic virulent genetic elements. The pathogenicity of non-O157 strains is emerging progressively in animals as well as in humans especially in the rural areas as they get transmitted through unsanitary practices of living, consumption of uncooked meat and milk, human-livestock close proximity as well as within livestock pathogenic bacterial transmission. The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of non-O157 E.coli isolates and characterize based on clinical history, antibiotic sensitivity testing, multiplex PCR (mPCR) detection of virulence genes, genotype identification using pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic separation of antigenic proteins to determine their prevalence, virulence and genetic comparison between host and environment for epidemiological significance. A total of 300 E.coli isolates were recovered from rectal swabs of goats and their surrounding environment over a period of one year (2016–2017) by selective isolation. Among which 50 isolates were confirmed to be from the non-O157 E.coli family. The mPCR analysis of these 50 isolates revealed the presence of two or more virulent genes, viz., hylA (90%), fliC (74%), eaeA (56%), stx1 (48%) and stx2 (22%).Four isolates exhibited multidrug-resistance to amoxiclav, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and ceftriazone. The PFGE fingerprint profile showed six major clusters at 100% similarity from the 50 isolates. The major antigenic proteins identified from the isolates were stx1A, stx2B and fliC. This study has significant implications for understanding the molecular diversity of emerging pathotypes of non-O157 in young goats in terms of virulence and epidemiological aspects.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableShiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 and several other serogroups of non-O157 STEC strains present as commensalism bacteria in small ruminants that possess a high potential of attaining pathogenic virulent genetic elements. The pathogenicity of non-O157 strains is emerging progressively in animals as well as in humans especially in the rural areas as they get transmitted through unsanitary practices of living, consumption of uncooked meat and milk, human-livestock close proximity as well as within livestock pathogenic bacterial transmission. The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of non-O157 E.coli isolates and characterize based on clinical history, antibiotic sensitivity testing, multiplex PCR (mPCR) detection of virulence genes, genotype identification using pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic separation of antigenic proteins to determine their prevalence, virulence and genetic comparison between host and environment for epidemiological significance. A total of 300 E.coli isolates were recovered from rectal swabs of goats and their surrounding environment over a period of one year (2016–2017) by selective isolation. Among which 50 isolates were confirmed to be from the non-O157 E.coli family. The mPCR analysis of these 50 isolates revealed the presence of two or more virulent genes, viz., hylA (90%), fliC (74%), eaeA (56%), stx1 (48%) and stx2 (22%).Four isolates exhibited multidrug-resistance to amoxiclav, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and ceftriazone. The PFGE fingerprint profile showed six major clusters at 100% similarity from the 50 isolates. The major antigenic proteins identified from the isolates were stx1A, stx2B and fliC. This study has significant implications for understanding the molecular diversity of emerging pathotypes of non-O157 in young goats in terms of virulence and epidemiological aspects.Not Availabl

Extension Folder 79

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Ecosystem Network Analysis in a Smallholder Integrated Crop–Livestock System for Coastal Lowland Situation in Tropical Humid Conditions of India

The integrated crop&ndash;livestock system (ICLS) is a farming strategy that helps to sustain agrobiodiversity, ecosystem services, and restores environmental sustainability. Furthermore, ICLS provides food and nutritional security to the small and marginal farmers in developing nations. In this context a mass-balanced ecosystem model was constructed for a smallholder ICLS along the Indian west coast to analyze the agro-ecological performance in terms of sustainability, resource use, nutrient balance and recycling. Thirteen functional groups were defined in the ICLS model with trophic levels ranging from 1.00 (detritus and benthic nitrogen fixers) to 3.00 (poultry and ruminants). The total system throughput index was estimated to be 1134.9 kg N ha&minus;1 year&minus;1 of which 60% was from consumption, 15% from exports, 10% from respiration, and the remaining 15% eventually flowing into detritus. The gross efficiency of the ecosystem was estimated to 0.3, which indicated higher growth rates and low maintenance energy costs. The higher food self-sufficiency ration of 7.4 indicated the integration of crop&ndash;livestock as an imperative system to meet the food and nutritional requirement of the farm family. The indices such as system overhead (60%), Finn&rsquo;s cycling index (16.6) and mean path length (3.5) denoted that the ICLS is a small, resource-efficient, stable, maturing and sustainable ecosystem in terms of the ecosystem principles and recycling. The present model will serve as the first model on the ICLS from the humid tropics and will help in the evaluation of the other agro-ecological systems using the Ecopath modelling approach. In conclusion, farm intensification through crop and animal diversification has the highest impact on farm productivity, food self-sufficiency and resource-use-efficiency of the smallholder&rsquo;s livelihood security

Ecosystem Network Analysis in a Smallholder Integrated Crop–Livestock System for Coastal Lowland Situation in Tropical Humid Conditions of India

Not AvailableThe integrated crop–livestock system (ICLS) is a farming strategy that helps to sustain agrobiodiversity, ecosystem services, and restores environmental sustainability. Furthermore, ICLS provides food and nutritional security to the small and marginal farmers in developing nations. In this context a mass-balanced ecosystem model was constructed for a smallholder ICLS along the Indian west coast to analyze the agro-ecological performance in terms of sustainability, resource use, nutrient balance and recycling. Thirteen functional groups were defined in the ICLS model with trophic levels ranging from 1.00 (detritus and benthic nitrogen fixers) to 3.00 (poultry and ruminants). The total system throughput index was estimated to be 1134.9 kg N ha−1 year−1 of which 60% was from consumption, 15% from exports, 10% from respiration, and the remaining 15% eventually flowing into detritus. The gross efficiency of the ecosystem was estimated to 0.3, which indicated higher growth rates and low maintenance energy costs. The higher food self-sufficiency ration of 7.4 indicated the integration of crop–livestock as an imperative system to meet the food and nutritional requirement of the farm family. The indices such as system overhead (60%), Finn’s cycling index (16.6) and mean path length (3.5) denoted that the ICLS is a small, resource-efficient, stable, maturing and sustainable ecosystem in terms of the ecosystem principles and recycling. The present model will serve as the first model on the ICLS from the humid tropics and will help in the evaluation of the other agro-ecological systems using the Ecopath modelling approach. In conclusion, farm intensification through crop and animal diversification has the highest impact on farm productivity, food self-sufficiency and resource-use-efficiency of the smallholder’s livelihood security