Recent Advances in Shock Therapy

Shock is a term used to describe a situation of cardiovascular collapse. It can arise from several causes and is usually divided into several categories, including: cardiogenic, hemorrhagic, septic, endotoxic, and traumatic shock. These categories are broadly connected by the underlying ultimate failure of the cardiovascular system

Emergency and Critical Care Procedures in Small Animals

Emergency care for patients is very important. Often, the patient is presented in critical condition and the veterinarian needs to work quickly and efficiently to stabilize the patient. The goal of this paper is to provide a quick reference for setting up an emergency area in a clinic and assistance for getting through emergencies. Tile primary areas covered include: setting up for an emergency, both before and when the patient initially arrives, cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA), blood transfusions, and fluid therapy

Chemical Immobilization of Wild Ruminants

Historically, pharmacological immobilization can be traced back to cenain tribes from South America who used curare-coated arrows in their quest for food. Though this method was effective and curare derivatives were used for many years, an effon began in 1958 by rangers in South Africa to develop new and hopefully more efficacious methods to immobilize animals for research.! Since that time, great strides have been made in developing new drugs and techniques for delivery of these drugs. It is the purpose of this paper to consolidate and review the latest developments in animal immobilization

Transfusion Therapy and Blood Banking in the Dog and Cat

The first successful transfusion of blood from one dog to another was first reported in 1665 by Richard Lower. He anastomosed a carotid artery of a donor dog to the jugular vein of an acutely bled recipient. At this time in history, blood was regarded as the essence of life and useful only for its alleged psychic effects. It wasn\u27t until 1818 that whole blood was used for its intrinsic value when a London obstetrician initiated blood replacement therapy for postpartum hemorrhage. As veterinary critical care becomes more and more sophisticated, the advantages of a basic knowledge of transfusion therapy and blood banking are increasingly apparent. The purpose of this article is to offer current knowledge on: 1) storing blood, 2) selection of donors, 3) blood grouping and crossmatching, 4) blood collection, 5) indications for component transfusions, 6) administration, and 7) complications

Epidural Analgesia in the Dog

Epidural analgesia is the injection of an anesthetic agent outside the dura mater producing a reversible motor and sensory paralysis of the spinal nerves. This is contrast to spinal analgesia, in which the local anesthetic is injected into the subarachnoid space

Management of Acute Postoperative Pain in Dogs and Cats

Alleviation of animal pain is a central value of the veterinary profession as written in the Veterinarian\u27s Oath - \u27... I solemnly swear to use my scientific knowledge and skills for the benefit of society through the protection of animal health, the relief of animal suffering, ...\u27 In addition, the AVMA\u27s 1987 Panel Report on the Colloquium on Recognition and Alleviation of Animal Pain and Stress reminds veterinarians of their responsibility to provide effective management of pain in their patients

Enhancing the social issues components in our computing curriculum: Computing for the social good

The acceptance and integration of social issues into computing curricula is still a work in progress twenty years after it was first incorporated into the ACM Computing Curricula. Through an international survey of computing instructors, this paper corroborates prior work showing that most institutions include the societal impact of ICT in their programs. However, topics often concentrate on computer history, codes of ethics and intellectual property, while neglecting broader issues of societal impact. This paper explores how these neglected topics can be better developed through a subtle change of focus to the significant role that ICT plays in addressing the needs of the community. Drawing on the survey and a set of implementation cases, the paper provides guidance by means of examples and resources to empower teaching teams to engage students in the application of ICT to bring about positive social outcomes – computing for the social good

Site-selective characterisation of electron trapping centres in relation to chemistry, structural state and mineral phases present in single crystal alkali feldspars

Feldspars are ubiquitous natural dosimeters widely used in luminescence dating. Despite decades of research, the lattice defects as well as the mechanisms involved in luminescence production in feldspars remain poorly understood. The recently developed method of infrared photoluminescence (IRPL) excitation-emission spectroscopy has revealed the presence of two electron trapping centres emitting IRPL at 1.3 eV and 1.41 eV (IRPL1.3 and IRPL1.41 centres), and it enables detailed investigations into the ground and excited state energies of these centres. Here we make measurements of a range of single crystal alkali feldspars to understand the effects of feldspar chemical composition, crystal structure and framework disorder on the physical characteristics of IRPL1.3 and IRPL1.41 electron trapping centres. Measurements of our sample suite reveals IRPL and IR-radioluminescence (RL) emissions at 1.41 eV, 1.3 eV and, for the first time, at 1.2 eV. Our results show that whilst the IRPL1.3 trapping centre is unaffected by the M site cation occupancy, the presence of IRPL1.41 trapping centres seems to be linked to the presence of K+ ions on M sites. However, no clear trends in IRPL and IR-RL emission energies and signal intensities with chemical composition of the samples were found. Exploring the effect of framework disorder on IRPL1.3 and IRPL1.41 emissions revealed no significant changes to IRPL and IR-RL emission energies or ground state energies of the trapping centres, suggesting that the corresponding defects are not located on bridging O ions. Variations in ground state energies across the whole sample suite range from 2.04 eV to 2.20 eV for the IRPL1.3 centre and from 2.16 eV to 2.46 eV for the IRPL1.41 centre. Variations in trap depth seem to be driven by other factors than sample chemistry, degree of Al3+disorder and number of phases present in a single crystal feldspar. Interestingly, the IR resonance peak is invariant between samples. Regarding the use of IRPL in luminescence dating, we show that optical resetting differs for the three different emissions, with the emission at ∼1.41 eV not being reset in some samples even after 18 h of solar bleaching

Exploring sources of variation in thermoluminescence emissions and anomalous fading in alkali feldspars

Alkali feldspar is routinely used in retrospective dosimetry using luminescence methods. However there is a signal loss over time, termed ‘anomalous fading’, which results in age underestimation if uncorrected. Although significant improvements have been made in recent years, luminescence dating of feldspars remains challenging. This paper investigates the relationships between chemistry, structural state and the scale of exsolution with thermoluminescence (TL) emission spectra and infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) fading rates. We measure TL emission spectra, where possible linking the recombination site to physical features of the feldspar crystals. We show that fading rates are lowest in ordered end-member Na- and K-feldspars but significantly greater in disordered end-members, showing that Al–Si order influences fading. As well as having very low fading rates, ordered end-member samples have distinctive TL emission spectra, with the yellow-green emission dominant, while all other samples have a dominant blue emission. Perthite, i.e. exsolved members of the (Na,K)-feldspar solid solution, show greater fading than disordered end-members and fading is greatest in semi-coherent macroperthite. We propose that the state of Al–Si-order, and the occurrence of defects and dislocations at the perthite lamellar interfaces influence anomalous fading rates in feldspar

Charged-Particle Decay from Giant Monopole Resonance in Si-28

Journals published by the American Physical Society can be found at http://publish.aps.org