Real Costs of Natural Resource Exploitation

Natural resources are usually termed either renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources include 'biological' resources, such as fish and forests and also energy flow resources such as hydro, solar, tidal, wave and wind power. Existing economic theories concentrate on the biological renewable resources to the extent that there is no separate exolanation of the economics of the energy flow renewables. Analysing the physical and economic characteristics of natural resources enables the real costs of natural resource use to be identified, providing the basis of a single unifying theory of all resources based on their 'user costs'

CAGE: Customizable Large-Scale SOA Testbeds in the Cloud ⋆

Abstract. Large-scale and complex distributed systems are increasingly implemented as SOAs. These comprise diverse types of components, e.g., Web services, registries, workflow engines, and services buses, that interact with each others to establish composite functionality. The drawback of this trend is that testing of complex SOAs becomes a challenging task. During the development phase, testers must verify the system’s correct functionality, but often do not have access to adequate testbeds. In this paper, we present an approach for solving this issue. We combine the Genesis2 testbed generator, that emulates SOA environments, with Cafe, a framework for provisioning of component-based applications in the cloud. Our approach allows to model large-scale service-based testbed infrastructures, to specify their behavior, and to deploy these automatically in the cloud. As a result, testers can emulate required environments on-demand for evaluating SOAs at runtime.