Rotational motion and rheotaxis of human sperm do not require functional CatSper channels and transmembrane Ca2+ signaling.

Navigation of sperm in fluid flow, called rheotaxis, provides long-range guidance in the mammalian oviduct. The rotation of sperm around their longitudinal axis (rolling) promotes rheotaxis. Whether sperm rolling and rheotaxis require calcium (Ca2+ ) influx via the sperm-specific Ca2+ channel CatSper, or rather represent passive biomechanical and hydrodynamic processes, has remained controversial. Here, we study the swimming behavior of sperm from healthy donors and from infertile patients that lack functional CatSper channels, using dark-field microscopy, optical tweezers, and microfluidics. We demonstrate that rolling and rheotaxis persist in CatSper-deficient human sperm. Furthermore, human sperm undergo rolling and rheotaxis even when Ca2+ influx is prevented. Finally, we show that rolling and rheotaxis also persist in mouse sperm deficient in both CatSper and flagellar Ca2+ -signaling domains. Our results strongly support the concept that passive biomechanical and hydrodynamic processes enable sperm rolling and rheotaxis, rather than calcium signaling mediated by CatSper or other mechanisms controlling transmembrane Ca2+ flux

Identificación y análisis de los recursos económicos asignados a la segunda locomotora. Evolución, aciertos y desaciertos

Con la elaboración del presente documento, se pretende identificar y analizar los recursos económicos asignados a una de las locomotoras del gobierno del presidente Juan Manuel Santos en el marco de su plan de desarrollo Prosperidad para todos y el impacto social de esta asignación de recursos en el agro Colombiano, Así mismo evaluar el cumplimiento de dicha política publica y la generación de bienestar social en la población."With the production of the present document, one tries to identify and to analyze the economic resources assigned to one of the locomotives of the government of the president Juan Manuel Santos in the frame of his plan of development "" Prosperity for all "" and the social impact of this assignment of resources in the Colombian agro, Likewise to evaluate the fulfillment of the above mentioned politics publishes and the generation of social well-being in the population.

Current and future aspects of computer supported tools Help or risk in the social sciences

SIGLEBibliothek Weltwirtschaft Kiel YY 11,338 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

[3]Ferrocenophanes with a tetramethyldisiloxane bridge: synthesis and molecular structure

Siemeling U, Krallmann R, Jutzi P, Neumann B, Stammler H-G. [3]Ferrocenophanes with a tetramethyldisiloxane bridge: synthesis and molecular structure. Monatshefte für Chemie. 1994;125(5):579-586.6,6,8,8-Tetramethyl-7-oxa-6,8-disila[3]-ferrocenophan 2 entsteht aus dem Di(alkoxysilyl)ferrocen (H4C5SiMe2OR)2Fe (R=CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OMe) durch Hydrolyse und anschließende intramolekulare Disiloxan-Bildung. 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6,8,8-Dodecamethyl-7-oxa-6,8-disila[3]ferrocenophan 3 wurde durch Luftoxidation von 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6,7,7-Dodecamethyl-6,7-disila[2]ferrocenophan erhalten. Die Kristallstrukturen beider Verbindungen wurden durch Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt (2:a=8.5330(10), b=15.610(3), c=18.774(5)Å, [alpha]=70.68(2), [beta]=77.94(2), [gamma]=75.150(10)°, V=2259.8(8)Å3, Z=6, Raumgruppe P1, R=0.045, Rw =0.044; 3:a=12.388(3), b=9.924(3), c=19.136(10)Å, [beta]=105.11(3)°, V=2271.2(15)Å3, Z=4, Raumgruppe P21/c, R=0.076, Rw =0.060). Wegen der Flexibilität der Disiloxan-Brücke sind 2 und 3 ungespannte Moleküle