CO2 pipelines material and safety considerations

This paper presents an overview of some of the most important factors and areas of uncertainty affecting integrity and accurate hazard assessment of CO2 pipelines employed as part of the Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) chain. These include corrosion, hydrate formation, hydrogen embrittlement and propensity to fast running ductile and brittle factures. Special consideration is given to the impact of impurities within the CO2 feed from the various capture technologies on these possible hazards. Knowledge gaps in the modelling of outflow and subsequent dispersion of CO2 following the accidental rupture of pressurised CO2 pipelines, central to their safety assessment, are also presented

The Northern Pacific Railroad and Some of Its History

"The Act of Congress passed July 2nd, 1864, granted to the Northern Pacific Railroad Company the lands on both sides of its main line from Lake Superior to Puget Sound…

Test of Sovereign Immunity for Municipal Corporations

In a recent Ohio case, the Supreme Court handed down a unanimous opinion that a municipality that voluntarily owns and operates a swimming pool primarily for the benefit of its citizens (who might be interested), does so in the exercise of a proprietary function and is answerable for its negligence. Both the courts and legal writers have long recognized the problem of distinguishing between governmental and proprietary functions. And as it appears that the distinction will be with the courts for at least some time to come, the real problem is to rexamine the tests to see if a workable solution can be obtained

Alien Registration- Fairweather, Grant H. (Portland, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/24508/thumbnail.jp

Damages in Fraud Actions

Two distinct legal theories have been developed in determining the amount of damages to be awarded in an action for fraud and deceit. The majority view is the benefit-of-the-bargain rule (also known as the warranty rule ), and the minority view is known as the tort rule (or more commonly, the out-of-pocket rule). Both rules have limited use. In Hines v. Brode the California court made it clear that the two rules should be applied only where a contract is fully executed or where the plaintiff stands on his contract and has not rescinded it. The rationale behind this holding is clear; a plaintiff who has rescinded his contract without tendering the consideration should not be placed in a more advantageous position than the plaintiff who has performed fully before bringing an action in fraud. Ohio will deny the plaintiff\u27s suit for damages where he refuses to surrender defendant\u27s consideration

Damages in Fraud Actions

Two distinct legal theories have been developed in determining the amount of damages to be awarded in an action for fraud and deceit. The majority view is the benefit-of-the-bargain rule (also known as the warranty rule ), and the minority view is known as the tort rule (or more commonly, the out-of-pocket rule). Both rules have limited use. In Hines v. Brode the California court made it clear that the two rules should be applied only where a contract is fully executed or where the plaintiff stands on his contract and has not rescinded it. The rationale behind this holding is clear; a plaintiff who has rescinded his contract without tendering the consideration should not be placed in a more advantageous position than the plaintiff who has performed fully before bringing an action in fraud. Ohio will deny the plaintiff\u27s suit for damages where he refuses to surrender defendant\u27s consideration

The social practice of sustainable agriculture under audit discipline: initial insights from the ARGOS project in New Zealand

One of the most interesting recent developments in global agri‐food systems has been the rapid emergence and elaboration of market audit systems claiming environmental qualities or sustainability. In New Zealand, as a strongly export‐oriented, high‐value food producer, these environmental market audit systems have emerged as an important pathway for producers to potentially move towards more sustainable production. There have, however, been only sporadic and fractured attempts to study the emerging social practice of sustainable agriculture – particularly in terms of the emergence of new audit disciplines in farming. The ARGOS project in New Zealand was established in 2003 as a longitudinal matched panel study of over 100 farms and orchards using different market audit systems (e.g., organic, integrated or GLOBALG.A.P.). This article reports on the results of social research into the social practice of sustainable agriculture in farm households within the ARGOS projects between 2003‐2009. Results drawn from multiple social research instruments deployed over six years provide an unparalleled level of empirical data on the social practice of sustainable agriculture under audit disciplines. Using 12 criteria identified in prior literature as contributing a significant social dynamic around sustainable agriculture practices in other contexts, the analysis demonstrated that 9 of these 12 dimensions did demonstrate differences in social practices emerging between (or co‐constituting) organic, integrated, or conventional audit disciplines. These differences clustered into three main areas: 1) social and learning/knowledge networks and expertise, 2) key elements of farmer subjectivity – particularly in relation to subjective positioning towards the environment and nature, and 3) the role and importance of environmental dynamics within farm management practices and systems. The findings of the project provide a strong challenge to some older framings of the social practice of sustainable agriculture: particularly those that rely on paradigm‐driven evaluation of social motivations, strong determinism of sustainable practice driven by coherent farmer identity, or deploying overly categorical interpretations of what it means to be ‘organic’ or ‘conventional’. The complex patterning of the ARGOS data can only be understood if the social practice of organic, integrated or (even more loosely) conventional production is understood as being co‐produced by four dynamics: subjectivity/identity, audit disciplines, industry cultures/structure and time. This reframing of how we might research the social practice of sustainable agriculture opens up important new opportunities for understanding the emergence and impact of new audit disciplines in agriculture

Numerical Investigation of the Layer-Inversion Phenomenon in Binary Solid Liquid Fluidized Beds

Layer inversion behaviour in binary-solid liquid fluidized beds is examined using a Combined Continuum and Discrete Model. A suitable bidisperse system was selected from information in the literature. By simulating the fluidization of the system at a range of liquid velocities, varying degrees of segregation and mixing have been observed

The Northern Pacific Railroad and Some of Its History

"The Act of Congress passed July 2nd, 1864, granted to the Northern Pacific Railroad Company the lands on both sides of its main line from Lake Superior to Puget Sound…

Report on ARGOS' second qualitative interview

The primary objective of the ARGOS project is the transdisciplinary examination of the condition of sustainable agriculture in New Zealand (including environmental, economic and social aspects). In pursuit of this objective to date, considerable effort has been dedicated to assessing the comparative sustainability or resilience of designated management panels in three branches of the New Zealand agricultural sector (dairy, kiwifruit and sheep/beef). For this purpose, farms of comparable size and similar location were assigned panel membership as determined by an individual farmer’s compliance (or lack thereof) with existing market audit schemes which – to varying degrees – regulate farm management practice. By sector, the panels are comprised of conventional and organic methods of dairy farming, integrated pest management (Hayward, green, and Hort 16a, gold) and organic (Hayward) methods of kiwifruit production, and conventional, integrated and organic methods of sheep and beef farming. Due to the distinct nature of practices associated with each panel, differences in the assessed ecological, economic and social features of the participating farms and farm households offer the potential to distinguish the relative sustainability of systems based on these practices