2,995 research outputs found
Photon redshift and the appearance of a naked singularity
In this paper we analyze the redshift as observed by an external observer
receiving photons which terminate in the past at the naked singularity formed
in a Tolman-Bondi dust collapse. Within the context of models considered here
it is shown that photons emitted from a weak curvature naked singularity are
always finitely redshifted to an external observer. Certain cases of strong
curvature naked singularities, including the self-similar one, where the
photons are infinitely redshifted are also pointed out.Comment: Latex file, 14 pages, no figures, one change in the reference.
Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
Examining the socio-economic determinants of adoption of the 'Government Gateway' initiative in the UK
This paper empirically examines the impact of socio-economic determinants upon the adoption of a recent UK e-government initiative, the 'Government Gateway'. The data on five socio-economic characteristics was collected employing a postal survey. The findings of this research suggest that the three variables of age, gender and occupation significantly differentiated the adopters from the non-adopters of the Government Gateway, whilst education and income were found to be non-significant. The implications of the findings are discussed in the context of promoting the adoption of emerging Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and reducing the digital divide against less privileged parts of the population
Impact of Chemical Fertilizer and Organic Manure on the Germination and Growth of Soybean (Glycine max L.)
After green revolution chemical fertilizers has been used at a great extent in all the crops which decrease the fertility and profile of the soil. Due to various side effects of chemical fertilizers, use of organic fertilizers is an alternative method for the improvement of crop production and maintenance of soil fertility. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of chemical fertilizer and organic manure on the growth of soybean crop. A total of ten different treatments of both organic manure and chemical fertilizer were used. The various parameters - seed germination, seedling survival, root length and shoot length and seedling height was measured in the present investigation. The results revealed that germination percentage showed increment in nearly all the treatments as compared to the control sets except at highest dose of NPK fertilizer which showed little decrease in germination percentage and was found maximum (97.33%) at optimum dose of vermicompost. The results also showed that survival rate was higher in all treatments than control except at the highest dose of NPK fertilizer in which the survival rate was found minimum (74.38%).Also the root length and seedling height was maximum at the optimum dose of Vermicompost (20%) treated plants and was found minimum in the highest dose (300gm) of NPK fertilizer. The results revealed that the chemical fertilizers at higher doses have deleterious effects on plant growth and development. Organic manures at very high doses checks plant growth but vermicompost had no side effects even at higher doses. Keywords: Vermicompost, NPK, FYM, Soybean, Germinatio
Null Geodesic Expansion in Spherical Gravitational Collapse
We derive an expression for the expansion of outgoing null geodesics in
spherical dust collapse and compute the limiting value of the expansion in the
approach to singularity formation. An analogous expression is derived for the
spherical collapse of a general form of matter. We argue on the basis of these
results that the covered as well as the naked singularity solutions arising in
spherical dust collapse are stable under small changes in the equation of
state.Comment: 10 pages, Latex File, No figure
The final fate of spherical inhomogeneous dust collapse II: Initial data and causal structure of singularity
Further to results in [9], pointing out the role of initial density and
velocity distributions towards determining the final outcome of spherical dust
collapse, the causal structure of singularity is examined here in terms of
evolution of the apparent horizon. We also bring out several related features
which throw some useful light towards understanding the nature of this
singularity, including the behaviour of geodesic families coming out and some
aspects related to the stability of singularity.Comment: Latex file, uses epsf.sty, 15 pages and 3 eps figures. Paragraph on
role of smooth functions rewritten. Four references added. To appear in
Classical & Quantum Gravit
The Final Fate of Spherical Inhomogeneous Dust Collapse
We examine the role of the initial density and velocity distribution in the
gravitational collapse of a spherical inhomogeneous dust cloud. Such a collapse
is described by the Tolman-Bondi metric which has two free functions: the
`mass-function' and the `energy function', which are determined by the initial
density and velocity profile of the cloud. The collapse can end in a black-hole
or a naked singularity, depending on the initial parameters characterizing
these profiles. In the marginally bound case, we find that the collapse ends in
a naked singularity if the leading non-vanishing derivative of the density at
the center is either the first one or the second one. If the first two
derivatives are zero, and the third derivative non-zero, the singularity could
either be naked or covered, depending on a quantity determined by the third
derivative and the central density. If the first three derivatives are zero,
the collapse ends in a black hole. In particular, the classic result of
Oppenheimer and Snyder, that homogeneous dust collapse leads to a black hole,
is recovered as a special case. Analogous results are found when the cloud is
not marginally bound, and also for the case of a cloud starting from rest. We
also show how the strength of the naked singularity depends on the density and
velocity distribution. Our analysis generalizes and simplifies the earlier work
of Christodoulou and Newman [4,5] by dropping the assumption of evenness of
density functions. It turns out that relaxing this assumption allows for a
smooth transition from the naked singularity phase to the black-hole phase, and
also allows for the occurrence of strong curvature naked singularities.Comment: 23 pages; Plain Tex; TIFR-TAP preprin
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