Traumatic-event headaches

BACKGROUND: Chronic headaches from head trauma and whiplash injury are well-known and common, but chronic headaches from other sorts of physical traumas are not recognized. METHODS: Specific information was obtained from the medical records of 15 consecutive patients with chronic headaches related to physically injurious traumatic events that did not include either head trauma or whiplash injury. The events and the physical injuries produced by them were noted. The headaches' development, characteristics, duration, frequency, and accompaniments were recorded, as were the patients' use of pain-alleviative drugs. From this latter information, the headaches were classified by the diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society as though they were naturally-occurring headaches. The presence of other post-traumatic symptoms and litigation were also recorded. RESULTS: The intervals between the events and the onset of the headaches resembled those between head traumas or whiplash injuries and their subsequent headaches. The headaches themselves were, as a group, similar to those after head trauma and whiplash injury. Thirteen of the patients had chronic tension-type headache, two had migraine. The sustained bodily injuries were trivial or unidentifiable in nine patients. Fabrication of symptoms for financial remuneration was not evident in these patients of whom seven were not even seeking payments of any kind. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that these hitherto unrecognized post-traumatic headaches constitute a class of headaches characterized by a relation to traumatic events affecting the body but not including head or whiplash traumas. The bodily injuries per se can be discounted as the cause of the headaches. So can fabrication of symptoms for financial remuneration. Altered mental states, not systematically evaluated here, were a possible cause of the headaches. The overall resemblance of these headaches to the headaches after head or whiplash traumas implies that these latter two headache types may likewise not be products of structural injuries

Place and Time in the Criminology of Place

This article evaluates developments in the ecological analysis of crime, which have found their most recent expression in a Criminology of Place. We argue that theoretical and methodological deficiencies are evident in the Criminology of Place and associated literatures with respect to their underlying treatment of place, time and causation. Big Data holds promise for helping address these shortfalls, but dangers also. The successful advance of the Criminology of Place requires elevating the why question to equal status with those of where and what in the analysis of crime. Ultimately, the paper positions the progress towards and prospects for a multi-scalar and time sensitive theoretical and empirical model of the Criminology of Place

Juízes profissionais? Padrões de carreira dos integrantes das Supremas Cortes de Brasil (1829-2008) e Estados Unidos (1789-2008)

O artigo compara os perfis de carreira dos magistrados integrantes das supremas cortes do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos ao longo de toda história política dos dois países. Para tanto, o artigo analisa dados relativos à experiência profissional e jurídica e à circulação em cargos junto aos demais poderes do Estado, inclusive de natureza eletiva, previamente à investidura no posto de magistrado da Corte Suprema. Particularmente, esse exame expõe as diferenças e semelhanças quanto aos padrões de profissionalização dos integrantes dos órgãos de cúpula do poder Judiciário nos dois países, permitindo a discussão sobre os fundamentos políticos desse fenômeno no campo jurídico. Em especial, o artigo sugere que períodos de incremento no recrutamento de indivíduos vinculados a profissões propriamente jurídicas ocorrem como respostas ao fortalecimento de tais tribunais. Ante um novo período de elevada proeminência destas instituições, indivíduos reconhecidamente qualificados na área passam crescentemente a ser alternativas de legitimação de tais órgãos, seja em contextos de competição, seja em contextos de hegemonia política de determinados grupos

Influenza vaccination for immunocompromised patients: systematic review and meta-analysis from a public health policy perspective.

Immunocompromised patients are vulnerable to severe or complicated influenza infection. Vaccination is widely recommended for this group. This systematic review and meta-analysis assesses influenza vaccination for immunocompromised patients in terms of preventing influenza-like illness and laboratory confirmed influenza, serological response and adverse events