Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Normal Stifle Joint in Buffaloes (Bos bubalis): An Anatomic Study

This research has been conducted in order to describe the normal anatomical structures of the stifle joint in buffaloes (Bos bubalis) by using the magnetic resonance imaging and the corresponding anatomical sections. The anatomical slices were used to facilitate the interpretation of the MRI images, and therefore the diagnosis for stifle related diseases would be much easier. The hind limbs of ten healthy adult buffaloes (Twenty stifle joints) were used. After slaughtering, MR images were made in sagittal, transverse, and dorsal planes. After that, the limbs were sectioned by using an electric band saw according to the corresponding MRI images after freezing at -20° for 48 hours. Clinically relevant anatomic structures were identified and labeled at each level of the matching images (MR and anatomic slices). MRI images were used to recognize the bony and soft tissue structures of the stifle joint. The articular cartilage appeared as line of hyperintensity which was separated from the subcondral bone by gray line (moderate signal intensity). It was difficult to differentiate between the synovia, infrapatellar fat body and the articular cartilage because of the similar hyperintensity. The meniscial, femoropatellar and cruciate ligaments were recognized as moderate signal intensity. The collateral ligaments and intermediate patellar ligaments, and the common tendon of the Mm. extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius, as well as, the menisci and the medial patellar fibrocartilage appeared as hypointense signal. The knowledge of normal anatomy of the stifle joint would serve as initial reference and guide for the stifle diagnosis of the suspected buffaloes by using MRI technique

Comprehensive review of progress made in soil electrokinetic research during 1993–2020, part II. No.1: Materials additives for enhancing the intensification process during 2017–2020

This review is a follow-up to our previous review titled “comprehensive review of progress made in soil electrokinetic research during 1993–2020, Part I: process design modifications with brief summaries of main output”. In this review, we have summarized the material additives that are utilized for the enhancement of soil electrokinetic remediation (SEKR) efficiency within the last four years (2017–2020). This review has been divided into six subjects according to determined SEKR categories including removal of inorganic contaminants, removal of organic contaminants, SEKR enhancement using permeable reactive barrier (PRB), SEKR for solidification and soil improvement, SEKR enhancement using an oxidation process, and SEKR enhancement using bioremediation and phytoremediation. Various enhancement materials have been added to improve the primary endeavors of SEKR and the summaries of the output were included in this review. In the SEKR experiments in which inorganic and organic contaminants were removed, the process was evaluated based on the process driving mechanism, particularly electromigration and electro-osmosis. Once the performance of SEKR was inefficient, the SEKR processing was integrated with PRB, oxidation, and bioremediation for significant improvements in SEKR performance. Therefore, the primary aim of our review is to provide a comparison of material additives for the SEKR removal intensification process from 2017 to 2020 to provide a review of the past materials that improved the SEKR performances and to simplify future innovation. During 2017–2020, SEKR studies focused on inorganic and organic contaminants remediation, whereas, few SEKR studies have focused on solidification and soil improvement. The SEKR has been utilized for dewatering, but in this case, the materials added were limited. The insufficient of relevant information on this subject was our primary motivation to write this review