Turkey humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to a Newcastle viscerotropic vaccine and its association with major histocompatibility complex

Immune responses to vaccines are mainly influenced by the nature of vaccines and host variation in response to vaccination. In this study we aimed to investigate turkey humoral and cell-mediated im-mune responses to a Newcastle viscerotropic vaccine and its association with major histocompatibil-ity complex (MHC). Turkeys were vaccinated with Villegas–Glisson/University of Georgia (VG/GA) attenuated vaccine against Newcastle disease. The stimulation index of lymphocyte proliferation and antigen-specific local secretory IgA responses in bile, duodenum, ileum, as well as serum IgY and IgA responses were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The turkey MHC class II B locus was selected as candidate gene for detection of associations with cellular and humoral immune responses. Significant differences were observed between both cellular and humoral responses of vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. A significant positive correlation was also found between ND specific IgY and ND specific IgA titres in serum, intestine (duodenum and ileum) and trachea. More-over, the correlation between specific IgA titres in ileum and specific bile, duodenum and trachea was positively significant. High resolution melting analysis (HRM) was used to genotype MHC class II B exon 2. Eight melting profiles (A-G) were identified, among which, profile G showed a significant association with cellular response. The profile B revealed significant association with total IgA titres in serum and ileum. These findings help our understanding of the association of turkey MHC types with immune responses. Further correlation analysis between serum and mucosal antibody titres demonstrated that the levels of IgY and IgA in serum can give an impression about the levels of sec-retory IgA and situation of mucosal immunity. Based on the significant effects, ND specific IgY in serum appears to be a promising indirect marker for specific IgA in serum and trachea

Development of Inula graveolens (L.) Plant Extract Electrospun/Polycaprolactone Nanofibers: A Novel Material for Biomedical Application

Recently, there has been a growing interest in research on nanofibrous scaffolds developed by electrospinning bioactive plant extracts. In this study, the extract material obtained from the medicinal plant Inula graveolens (L.) was loaded on polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun polymeric nanofibers. The combined mixture was prepared by 5% of I. graveolens at 8% (PCL) concentration and electrospun under optimal conditions. The chemical analysis, morphology, and crystallization of polymeric nanofibers were carried out by (FT-IR) spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and XRD diffraction. Hydrophilicity was determined by a contact angle experiment. The strength was characterized, and the toxicity of scaffolds on the cell line of fibroblasts was finally investigated. The efficiency of nanofibers to enhance the proliferation of fibroblasts was evaluated in vitro using the optimal I. graveolens/PCL solutions. The results show that I. graveolens/PCL polymeric scaffolds exhibited dispersion in homogeneous nanofibers around 72 ± 963 nm in the ratio 70/30 (V:V), with no toxicity for cells, meaning that they can be used for biomedical applications

Development of <i>Inula graveolens</i> (L.) Plant Extract Electrospun/Polycaprolactone Nanofibers: A Novel Material for Biomedical Application

Recently, there has been a growing interest in research on nanofibrous scaffolds developed by electrospinning bioactive plant extracts. In this study, the extract material obtained from the medicinal plant Inula graveolens (L.) was loaded on polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun polymeric nanofibers. The combined mixture was prepared by 5% of I. graveolens at 8% (PCL) concentration and electrospun under optimal conditions. The chemical analysis, morphology, and crystallization of polymeric nanofibers were carried out by (FT-IR) spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and XRD diffraction. Hydrophilicity was determined by a contact angle experiment. The strength was characterized, and the toxicity of scaffolds on the cell line of fibroblasts was finally investigated. The efficiency of nanofibers to enhance the proliferation of fibroblasts was evaluated in vitro using the optimal I. graveolens/PCL solutions. The results show that I. graveolens/PCL polymeric scaffolds exhibited dispersion in homogeneous nanofibers around 72 ± 963 nm in the ratio 70/30 (V:V), with no toxicity for cells, meaning that they can be used for biomedical applications

Antibacterial activity of green synthesized selenium nanoparticles using Vaccinium arctostaphylos (L.) fruit extract

AbstractIn recent years, there has been an increase in the acceptance of green synthesis as a viable method for producing nanoparticles as active materials that can inhibit bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of green synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. fruit extract on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Corynebacterium diphtheriae (C. diphtheriae). The synthesized SeNPs were characterized by Ultraviolet-visible (U-V), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Zeta Potential (ZP) measurements. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the tested bacteria were determined by the resazurin test, and the values were used as a basis to achieve the antibacterial activity test and detection of viability (live/dead cell percentage) using flow cytometry. In this study, the FESEM assay further shows that the Se NPs are precisely spherical and uniform in size (50 ± 1.23 nm) and distribution. The effectiveness of the SeNPs against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. diphtheria ranged from zero when the MIC value was large (0.5 mg/ml) to a significant effect when the MIC value was low (0.015625 mg/ml). The high percentage of bacterial death achieved by the synthesized SeNPs on S. aureus, C. diphtheria, and E. coli, was 44.6%, 29.49%, and 24.4% respectively. In conclusion, the synthesized SeNPs using V. arctostaphylos L. are desirable, safe, and environmentally friendly options that could be used as an efficient antibacterial agent to prevent bacterial infections