123 research outputs found
Application of Machine Learning in Melanoma Detection and the Identification of 'Ugly Duckling' and Suspicious Naevi: A Review
Skin lesions known as naevi exhibit diverse characteristics such as size,
shape, and colouration. The concept of an "Ugly Duckling Naevus" comes into
play when monitoring for melanoma, referring to a lesion with distinctive
features that sets it apart from other lesions in the vicinity. As lesions
within the same individual typically share similarities and follow a
predictable pattern, an ugly duckling naevus stands out as unusual and may
indicate the presence of a cancerous melanoma. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD)
has become a significant player in the research and development field, as it
combines machine learning techniques with a variety of patient analysis
methods. Its aim is to increase accuracy and simplify decision-making, all
while responding to the shortage of specialized professionals. These automated
systems are especially important in skin cancer diagnosis where specialist
availability is limited. As a result, their use could lead to life-saving
benefits and cost reductions within healthcare. Given the drastic change in
survival when comparing early stage to late-stage melanoma, early detection is
vital for effective treatment and patient outcomes. Machine learning (ML) and
deep learning (DL) techniques have gained popularity in skin cancer
classification, effectively addressing challenges, and providing results
equivalent to that of specialists. This article extensively covers modern
Machine Learning and Deep Learning algorithms for detecting melanoma and
suspicious naevi. It begins with general information on skin cancer and
different types of naevi, then introduces AI, ML, DL, and CAD. The article then
discusses the successful applications of various ML techniques like
convolutional neural networks (CNN) for melanoma detection compared to
dermatologists' performance. Lastly, it examines ML methods for UD naevus
detection and identifying suspicious naevi
Revamping AI Models in Dermatology: Overcoming Critical Challenges for Enhanced Skin Lesion Diagnosis
The surge in developing deep learning models for diagnosing skin lesions
through image analysis is notable, yet their clinical black faces challenges.
Current dermatology AI models have limitations: limited number of possible
diagnostic outputs, lack of real-world testing on uncommon skin lesions,
inability to detect out-of-distribution images, and over-reliance on
dermoscopic images. To address these, we present an All-In-One
\textbf{H}ierarchical-\textbf{O}ut of Distribution-\textbf{C}linical Triage
(HOT) model. For a clinical image, our model generates three outputs: a
hierarchical prediction, an alert for out-of-distribution images, and a
recommendation for dermoscopy if clinical image alone is insufficient for
diagnosis. When the recommendation is pursued, it integrates both clinical and
dermoscopic images to deliver final diagnosis. Extensive experiments on a
representative cutaneous lesion dataset demonstrate the effectiveness and
synergy of each component within our framework. Our versatile model provides
valuable decision support for lesion diagnosis and sets a promising precedent
for medical AI applications
A phase 1 study of heat/phenol-killed, E. coli -encapsulated, recombinant modified peanut proteins Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 3 (EMP-123) for the treatment of peanut allergy
Immunotherapy for peanut allergy may be limited by the risk of adverse reactions
Allergic Reactions to Foods in Preschool-Aged Children in a Prospective Observational Food Allergy Study
To examine circumstances of allergic reactions to foods in a cohort of preschool-aged children
The natural history of egg allergy in an observational cohort
There are few studies on the natural history of egg allergy and most are single site, not longitudinal, and have not identified early predictors of outcomes
The natural history of milk allergy in an observational cohort
There are few studies on the natural history of milk allergy. Most are single-site and not longitudinal, and these have not identified a means for early prediction of outcomes
Sublingual immunotherapy for peanut allergy: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial
There are presently no available therapeutic options for peanut-allergic patients
Oral Immunotherapy for Treatment of Egg Allergy in Children
For egg allergy, dietary avoidance is the only currently approved treatment. We evaluated oral immunotherapy using egg-white powder for the treatment of children with egg allergy
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