Importance of light smoking and inhalation habits on risk of myocardial infarction and all cause mortality. A 22 year follow up of 12 149 men and women in The Copenhagen City Heart Study

Study objective: To determine risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and all cause mortality associated with light smoking and inhalation habits in men and women. Design: Prospective cohort study with follow up of MI and all cause mortality through record linkage. Setting: The Copenhagen City Heart Study, a cardiovascular study based on a sample of the general population established in 1976. Participants: 6505 women and 5644 men followed up until 1998 for first MI and for death from all causes. Main results: During follow up 476 women and 872 men suffered a MI whereas 2305 women and 2883 men died. After adjusting for major cardiovascular risk factors there was a dose-response relation between smoking with and without inhaling and both MI and all cause mortality. Among inhaling smokers significantly increased risks were found in women at a consumption of only 3–5 grams of tobacco per day with relative risks (RR) of MI and all cause mortality of 2.14 (95% CI 1.11 to 4.13) and 1.86 (95% CI 1.37 to 2.51), respectively. In men increased risks were seen when smoking 6–9 grams per day with RR of MI and all cause mortality of 2.10 (95% CI 1.40 to 3.14) and 1.76 (95% CI 1.39 to 2.23), respectively. Risks were also increased in non-inhaling smokers, although in men only significantly so for all cause mortality. After adjusting for inhalation and quantity smoked, cigarette smokers had a higher risk of all cause mortality (RR 1.16 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.26)) but not of MI (RR 1.11 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.30)). The RR associated with smoking were significantly higher in women than in men for both MI and all cause mortality. Conclusions: Smoking as little as 3–5 grams of tobacco per day or not inhaling the smoke was shown to carry a significantly increased risk of developing MI and of all cause mortality with higher RR found in women than in men. The study emphasises the importance of recognising that even very limited tobacco consumption has detrimental health effects

Exhaled CO, a predictor of lung function?

SummaryBackgroundSmoking is associated with an accelerated loss of lung function and inhalation accelerates the decline further. Exhaled CO reflects the exposure of smoke to the lungs.AimTo investigate whether self-reported inhalation and type of cigarette influenced the level of exhaled CO and whether CO could provide additional information to usual measures of smoking regarding prediction of present lung function and decline in lung function over an extended period of time.MethodCigarette smokers from the Copenhagen City Heart Study with valid measures of lung function and exhaled CO; in total 3738 subjects, 2096 women and 1642 men.ResultsSubjects not inhaling had slightly lower exhaled CO values than those inhaling, but substantially higher values than non-smokers (P<0.001). Smokers of plain cigarettes had slightly lower CO values than smokers of filter cigarettes (P<0.001). Increasing CO levels were correlated to a lower FEV1%pred and to an accelerated decline in lung function. However, in multiple linear regression analyses these correlations were not significant.ConclusionInhalation and type of cigarette affects exhaled CO levels. CO measures have no predictive value regarding neither present lung function nor decline in lung function with time in a population survey setting