The effect of Psychological skills training (goal setting, positive selftalk and Imagery) on self-confidence of adolescent volleyball players

Purpose: Considering the increasing emphasis on the importance of psychological skills and its various applications in teaching and learning and improving exercise skills, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of Psychological skills training (goal setting, positive self- talk and Imagery) on self-confidence among adolescent volleyball players. Material: For this purpose, 30 out of 100 male volleyball players in Sarakhs city were selected by simple random sampling method. They were divided into two groups: control (N = 15) and experimental (N = 15). Control group and experimental group participated in regular physical activity but experimental group moreover followed psychological skill training program. Psychological skills training included 24 sessions, each week 3 times. First, Ottawa's Assessment Skills Questionnaire (OMSAT_3) was applied for screening mental skills levels. Then, before and after the intervention of the psychological training program (24 sessions) Trait and State self- confidence questionnaires from subjects were collected. To calculate the mean difference between groups, one-variable covariance statistical method was used and hypothesis testing was performed at a significant level (p <0.05). Results: The results of the study showed that the Psychological skills training program had a significant effect on state and trait self-confidence among adolescent volleyball players (p <0.05). Conclusions: Psychological skills training associated with technical and physical training should be used by coaches for attaining optimum self-confidence and peak performance of athletes

INTUBATIONS CONDITIONS AND HOMODYNAMIC RESPONSES UNDER ANESTHESIA INDUCTION WITH THREE COMBINATION DRUGS: ALFENTANIL- MIDAZOLAM, ALFENTANIL- THIOPENTAL AND ALFENTANIL- KETAMINE

Background. Administration of alfentanil followed by propofol intravenously (IV) without neuromuscular blockage for induction of anesthesia provides adaquate conditions for tracheal intubation. Other hypnotic drugs have not been thoroughly investigated in this regard. The aim of the present study was comparison of intubation conditions and hemodynamic responses of anesthesia induction with alfentanil/midazolam, alfentanil/Na thiopental and alfentanil/ ketamine. Methods. In a clinical trial study one hundred and twenty children were randomly allocated to four groups. Medication in these groups were alfentanil 40 µg/kg+ midazolam 200 µg/kg,alfentanil 40 µg/kg+Na thiopental 6 µg/kg, alfentanil 40 µg/kg+ketamin 2 mg/kg &amp; Na thipental 6 mg/kg+suxamethonium 2 mg/kg (as control group). In all patients the ease of ventilation via face mask, jaw mobility, degree of exposure and position of vocal cords, patient's response to tracheal intubation, duration of time was needed for intubation and hemodynamic changes after intubation were assessed and recorded.&#13; Findings. There are significant differences between first three groups (interventional groups) for jaw mebility, ventilation, vocal cord visuality, vocal cord position, patient movement during laryngoscopy and mean laryngoscopy time, (P &lt; 0.05). There is significant difference between all groups of nesdonal+alfentanil except for patient movement. There is significant difference between mean SBP and PR before and after intubation in first and third group.&#13; Conclusion. Results represent that the group of Alfentanil plus Nesdonal had a better quality of ventilation rather than two other groups. It is recommended that administration of alfentanil plus thiopental combination is preferred in cases that using muscle relaxant is contraindicated

EFFECT OF DIGITAL BLOCK ON SPAO2, LAG TIME AND HEIGHT OF PLETHYSMOGRAPHIC WAYE OF PULSE OXIMETER BY SIMULATED SHOCK

Introduction. Pulse oximetry is impaired by hypotention and peripheral vasoconstriction. Digital block may cause to increase tissue perfusion and improve the parameters of pulse oximetry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of digital block on SPa02, lag time and height of plethysmographic wave of pulse oximeter by simulated shock in upper extrimity.&#13; Methods. In an experimental study, 34 Paitents under general anesthesia and elective surgery were selected. Lag time and height of pletysmographic wave and SPa02 had been measured in two fingers shocked by cooling, elevation of hand and inflation of cuff; then, compared to opposite middle finger as control. shocked Middle finger were blocked by lidocaine 2% and these parameters were measured in the 15th and 20th minutes after digital block. Data analysis was performed by SPSS using ANOVA.&#13; Results. Mean height of plethysmographic wave in blocked finger was signihcontly taller than shocked and control fingers in the 15th minute (respectively, 16.9±6, 10.8 ± 4. 3,10.7 ± 4.3, P &lt; 0.05) and the 20th minute afters digital block (21.1 ± 5.8, 11.8 ± 4.3, 11.2 ± 3.9, P &lt; 0.05). There were not significalt differences between three fingers in lag time and SPa02.&#13; Discussion. This study documents effect of digital block, undergoing shock condition in improving the parameters of pulse oximetry

CIDEX, SAVLON AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE: WHICH OF THEM IS MORE EFFECTIVE IN DISINFECTION OF VENTILATOR TUBES

Introduction: Nasocomial infections threat any hospitalized patient, specially in intensive care unit. Incidence of these infections has been reported from 1.9 to more than 25 percent. The most common nasocomial infection in intensive care units (ICU) is pneumonia caused by endotraheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. The best procedure for pneumonia prevention in patients under mechanical ventilation is utilization of suitable and proper techniques for equipment sterilization: The goal of this study is determination and comparison of disinfectant materials (cidex, savlon and hydrogen peroxide) about their effects on incidence and type of mechanical ventilators breathing tubes contamination in intensive care unit.&#13; Methods: This is an experimental trial which was done on three groups of mechanical ventilator breathing tubes. Each group contained 20 samples. These three groups of breathing tubes were disinfected with cidex, savlon and hydrogen peroxide. Samples were obtained from tubes for microbial culture berore and after disinfection. Samples were cultured on blood agar. The results of microbial culturing were compared between three groups.&#13; Results: There was no significant difference between three groups of breathing tubes about microbial types and number of colony counted before disinfection. There was no significant difference between cultured colony numbers in three groups before and after disinfection. Cidex, savlon and hydrogen peroxide could decrease incidence of contamination to 100, 98.09 and 100 percent, respectively.&#13; Discussion: All of tested chemical materials have the same results in disinfection. Hydrogen peroxide has less adverse effect on human and environment than cidex. It is less expensive than cidex. So, we recommend to use this material for disifection of mechanical ventilator berthing tubes