2,833,053 research outputs found
Construction of optimal witness for unknown two-qubit entanglement
Whether entanglement in a state can be detected, distilled, and quantified
without full state reconstruction is a fundamental open problem. We demonstrate
a new scheme encompassing these three tasks for arbitrary two-qubit
entanglement, by constructing the optimal entanglement witness for
polarization-entangled mixed-state photon pairs without full state
reconstruction. With better efficiency than quantum state tomography, the
entanglement is maximally distilled by newly developed tunable polarization
filters, and quantified by the expectation value of the witness, which equals
the concurrence. This scheme is extendible to multiqubit
Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement.Comment: Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 230404 (2010); supplementary information
(OWitness_sup.pdf) is included in source zip fil
The emission of radiation from diatomic gases. III. Numerical emissivity calculations for carbon monoxide for low optical densities at 300°K and atmospheric pressure
Numerical emissivity calculations at 300°K and atmospheric pressure for nonoverlapping rotational lines have been carried out for CO using a dispersion formula for the line-shape representation. Use of the best available experimental data on integrated absorption and rotational line-width leads to calculated emissivities which are in excellent agreement with extrapolated empirical data published by Hottel and Ullrich. In particular, the theoretical dependence of emissivity on optical density, for small optical densities at 300°K, has been shown to follow experimental observations with satisfactory precision.For small optical densities the calculated emissivity is found to be proportional to the square root of the assumed rotational line-width, thus emphasizing the need for accurate line-width determinations at elevated temperatures. The limits of validity of the treatment utilizing nonoverlapping rotational lines are defined by examining overlapping between adjacent weak and strong rotational lines.The calculation of emissivities can be simplified by the use of approximate treatments. Thus absolute values of the emissivity can be predicted within 10 percent by utilizing a treatment for nonoverlapping, equally spaced, and equally intense lines, together with empirically determined values for the equivalent mean integrated absorption of the rotational lines of CO. A better analytic solution, which does not involve the assumptions of equal spacing and equal intensity of the rotational lines, has been obtained by utilizing asymptotic relations for large values of modified Bessel functions
Newly discovered brown dwarfs not seen in microlensing time scale frequency distribution?
The 2-Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) (Skrutskie et al. 1997) and the DEep Near
Infrared Survey of the southern sky (DENIS) (Epchtein et al. 1997) have
revealed a heretofore unknown population of free brown dwarfs that has extended
the local mass function down to as small as 0.01M_sun (Reid et al. 1999). If
this local proportion of brown dwarfs extends throughout the Galaxy---in
particular in the Galactic bulge---one expects an increase in the predicted
fraction of short time scale microlensing events in directions toward the
Galactic bulge. Zhao et al.(1996) have indicated that a mass function with
30-60% of the lens mass in brown dwarfs is not consistent with empirical
microlensing data. Here we show that even the much lower mass fraction (~ 10%)
of brown dwarfs inferred from the new discoveries appears inconsistent with the
data. The added brown dwarfs do indeed increase the expected number of short
time scale events, but they appear to drive the peak in the time scale
frequency distribution to time scales smaller than that observed, and do not
otherwise match the observed distribution. A reasonably good match to the
empirical data (Alcock et al. 1996) is obtained by increasing the fraction of
stars in the range 0.08<m<0.7M_sun considerably above that deduced from several
star counts. However, all inferences from microlensing about the appropriate
stellar mass function must be qualified by the meagerness of the microlensing
data and the uncertainties in the Galactic model.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure. PS file using aas2pp4.sty. To appear in ApJ
Letter
On quantum vertex algebras and their modules
We give a survey on the developments in a certain theory of quantum vertex
algebras, including a conceptual construction of quantum vertex algebras and
their modules and a connection of double Yangians and Zamolodchikov-Faddeev
algebras with quantum vertex algebras.Comment: 18 pages; contribution to the proceedings of the conference in honor
of Professor Geoffrey Maso
Probability of Detecting a Planetary Companion during a Microlensing Event
The probability of detecting a planetary companion of a lensing star during a
microlensing event toward the Galactic center, averaged over all relevant event
and galactic parameters, when the planet-star mass ratio has a
maximum exceeding 10% at an orbit semimajor axis near 1.5 AU for a uniform
distribution of impact parameters. The maximum probability is raised to more
than 20% for a distribution of source-lens impact parameters that is determined
by the efficiency of event detection. The averaging procedures are carefully
defined, and they determinine the dependence of the detection probabilities on
several properties of the Galaxy. The probabilities scale approximately as
. A planet is assumed detectable if the perturbation of the single
lens light curve exceeds for at least 20 consecutive photometric
points sometime during the event. Two meter telescopes with 60 second
integrations in I-band with high time resolution photometry throughout the
duration of an ongoing event are assumed. The probabilities are derived as a
function of , where they remain significant for AU. Dependence of
the detection probabilities on the lens mass function, luminosity function of
the source stars as modified by extinction, distribution of source-lens impact
parameters, and the line of sight to the source are also determined, and the
probabilities are averaged over the distribution of the projected planet
position, the lens mass function, the distribution of impact parameters, the
lens and source distances as weighted by their distributions along the line of
sight and over the -band apparent luminosity function of the sources. The
extraction of the probabilility as a function of for a particular from
empirical data is indicated.Comment: 32 pages, 20 figures, In Press, ApJ, Latex format with aas2pp4 forma
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