Assesing the effect of Coulomb repulsion asymmetry on electron pairing

Coulomb repulsion between two moving electrons loses its spherical symmetry due to relativistic effects. In presence of a uniform positive ion background this asymmetry uncovers an angular dependent attraction potential in the direction of motion. The quantum mechanical response to such an attraction potential is obtained through perturbation. It is shown that the transition amplitude between states with the symmetry of the attraction potential becomes negative and if the density of states is anisotropic, occurrence of a superconducting state becomes possible.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figure

Debt, Inflation and Growth: Robust Estimation of Long-Run Effects in Dynamic Panel Data Models

This paper investigates the long-run effects of public debt and inflation on economic growth. Our contribution is both theoretical and empirical. On the theoretical side, we develop a cross-sectionally augmented distributed lag (CS-DL) approach to the estimation of long-run effects in dynamic heterogeneous panel data models with cross-sectionally dependent errors. The relative merits of the CS-DL approach and other existing approaches in the literature are discussed and illustrated with small sample evidence obtained by means of Monte Carlo simulations. On the empirical side, using data on a sample of 40 countries over the 1965-2010 period, we find significant negative long-run effects of public debt and inflation on growth. Our results indicate that, if the debt to GDP ratio is raised and this increase turns out to be permanent, then it will have negative effects on economic growth in the long run. But if the increase is temporary, then there are no long-run growth effects so long as debt to GDP is brought back to its normal level. We do not find a universally applicable threshold effect in the relationship between public debt and growth. We only find statistically significant threshold effects in the case of countries with rising debt to GDP ratios

Is There a Debt-threshold Effect on Output Growth?

This paper studies the long-run impact of public debt expansion on economic growth and investigates whether the debt-growth relation varies with the level of indebtedness. Our contribution is both theoretical and empirical. On the theoretical side, we develop tests for threshold effects in the context of dynamic heterogeneous panel data models with cross-sectionally dependent errors and illustrate, by means of Monte Carlo experiments, that they perform well in small samples. On the empirical side, using data on a sample of 40 countries (grouped into advanced and developing) over the 1965-2010 period, we and no evidence for a universally applicable threshold effect in the relationship between public debt and economic growth, once we account for the impact of global factors and their spillover effects. Regardless of the threshold, however, we find significant negative long-run effects of public debt build-up on output growth. Provided that public debt is on a downward trajectory, a country with a high level of debt can grow just as fast as its peers

Long-Run Effects in Large Heterogenous Panel Data Models with Cross-Sectionally Correlated Errors

This paper develops a cross-sectionally augmented distributed lag (CS-DL) approach to the estimation of long-run effects in large dynamic heterogeneous panel data models with cross-sectionally dependent errors. The asymptotic distribution of the CS-DL estimator is derived under coefficient heterogeneity in the case where the time dimension (T) and the cross-section dimension (N) are both large. The CS-DL approach is compared with more standard panel data estimators that are based on autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) specifications. It is shown that unlike the ARDL type estimator, the CS-DL estimator is robust to misspecification of dynamics and error serial correlation. The theoretical results are illustrated with small sample evidence obtained by means of Monte Carlo simulations, which suggest that the performance of the CS-DL approach is often superior to the alternative panel ARDL estimates particularly when T is not too large and lies in the range of 30 _ T < 100

A Counterfactual Economic Analysis of Covid-19 Using a Threshold Augmented Multi-Country Model

This paper develops a threshold-augmented dynamic multi-country model (TG-VAR) to quantify the macroeconomic effects of Covid-19. We show that there exist threshold effects in the relationship between output growth and excess global volatility at individ

Physics-Informed Echo State Networks for Chaotic Systems Forecasting

We propose a physics-informed Echo State Network (ESN) to predict the evolution of chaotic systems. Compared to conventional ESNs, the physics-informed ESNs are trained to solve supervised learning tasks while ensuring that their predictions do not violate physical laws. This is achieved by introducing an additional loss function during the training of the ESNs, which penalizes non-physical predictions without the need of any additional training data. This approach is demonstrated on a chaotic Lorenz system, where the physics-informed ESNs improve the predictability horizon by about two Lyapunov times as compared to conventional ESNs. The proposed framework shows the potential of using machine learning combined with prior physical knowledge to improve the time-accurate prediction of chaotic dynamical systems

Physics-Informed Echo State Networks for Chaotic Systems Forecasting

We propose a physics-informed Echo State Network (ESN) to predict the evolution of chaotic systems. Compared to conventional ESNs, the physics-informed ESNs are trained to solve supervised learning tasks while ensuring that their predictions do not violate physical laws. This is achieved by introducing an additional loss function during the training of the ESNs, which penalizes non-physical predictions without the need of any additional training data. This approach is demonstrated on a chaotic Lorenz system, where the physics-informed ESNs improve the predictability horizon by about two Lyapunov times as compared to conventional ESNs. The proposed framework shows the potential of using machine learning combined with prior physical knowledge to improve the time-accurate prediction of chaotic dynamical systems.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure

Long-Term Macroeconomic Effects of Climate Change: A Cross-Country Analysis

We study the long-term impact of climate change on economic activity across countries, using a stochastic growth model where labour productivity is affected by country-specific climate variables—-defined as deviations of temperature and precipitation from their historical norms. Using a panel data set of 174 countries over the years 1960 to 2014, we find that per-capita real output growth is adversely affected by persistent changes in the temperature above or below its historical norm, but we do not obtain any statistically significant effects for changes in precipitation. Our counterfactual analysis suggests that a persistent increase in average global temperature by 0.04°C per year, in the absence of mitigation policies, reduces world real GDP per capita by 7.22 percent by 2100. On the other hand, abiding by the Paris Agreement, thereby limiting the temperature increase to 0.01°C per annum, reduces the loss substantially to 1.07 percent. These effects vary significantly across countries. We also provide supplementary evidence using data on a sample of 48 U.S. states between 1963 and 2016, and show that climate change has a long-lasting adverse impact on real output in various states and economic sectors, and on labour productivity and employment

Pogostone effect on dacarbazine-induced autophagy and apoptosis in human melanoma cells

Objective: Chemotherapy is effective for treating malignant melanoma, but drug resistance and occurrence of side effects limited this strategy. The balance between autophagy and apoptosis has an essential role in the chemotherapy of cancers. The present investigation aims to examine the efficacy of pogostone (isolated from Pogostemon cablin L.) on the ratio of apoptosis and autophagy caused by dacarbazine in melanoma cells. Materials and Methods: Human melanoma cells were exposed to different concentrations of dacarbazine and pogostone, and the IC50 values were calculated. The cells were treated with two concentrations higher and lower than IC50 simultaneously, and the dose reduction index and combination index (CI) parameters were calculated. The occurrence of apoptosis and autophagy was evaluated. The expression level of genes related to apoptosis and autophagy pathways was tested. Results: Pogostone and dacarbazine declined the number of the cells in a dose and time-dependent manner and showed a synergistic effect. There was a significant decrease in autophagy in the co-treatment besides the dacarbazine alone (p < 0.05). There was a considerable increment in apoptosis in cultures treated with pogostone and dacarbazine (p < 0.05). Also, Real-time PCR data confirmed the obtained results. Conclusions: Pogostone reduced melanoma cell resistance to dacarbazine via autophagy blockage