Letter from H. F. Gierke, Jr. Regarding Lack of Progress in Moving and Logging in Area to be Inundated by Garrison Dam, June 18, 1950

This letter, dated June 18, 1950, from H. F. Gierke of Watford City, North Dakota to United States (US) Senator William Langer takes issue with the fact that, in his words, The Indians [...] are anxious to move but are forced to waste a yr [sic] because Govt want [sic] tell them where the new agency will be located, where the roads [...] schools, churches etc will be. Gierke adds that the bottomlands on the Fort Berthold Reservation are rich in timber, but that none of it has been salvaged yet, and that such salvage is hampered by the absence of roads into the bottomlands, and asks, Now, and I mean Now...Why don\u27t they lay out the towns, roads, schools, wells and bulldoze roads into these bottoms so the Indians who have ambition can go ahead. Gierke goes on to render his opinion that offering Farmer\u27s Home Administration loans to tribal members for farm machinery is financial suicide, as, he says, I don\u27t believe there is an Indian on the reservation who can even lubricate a tractor, not because of lack of intelligence, but because of lack of instruction. In conclusion he replies to Langer\u27s question on the telephone situation, writing [W]e have none we would be glad to have one if we can get even 1/2 of a fair price for our produce so we can pay for it. In the upper right-hand corner is a handwritten notation that appears to read This guy is dangerou . Below the text are the notations tele , answer in abs and Make copy for Dell. See also: Letter from Irene Martin for Langer to H. E. Gierke Regarding Situation at Forth Berthold, June 27, 1950https://commons.und.edu/langer-papers/1989/thumbnail.jp

Letter from H.F. Gierke, Jr. to Representative Burdick Regarding Questions He Wishes to See Addressed at April 4 Hearing, March 28, 1952

This letter, dated March 28, 1952, from H. F. Gierke, Jr. of Watford City, North Dakota to United States (US) Representative Usher Burdick includes some questions that Gierke thinks need to be addressed at the April 4 hearing investigating complaints from Three Affiliated Tribes members. Gierke\u27s questions pertain to wells that were drilled for water, extraction of timber from the area to be flooded by completion of the Garrison Dam, improvement of prospective homes, and the location of the new Indian Agency. See also: Letter from Representative Burdick to H. F. Gierke, Jr. Informing of an April 4 Hearing That Will Address Complaints Made by Members of the Three Affiliated Tribes and Others Including Those Made by Gierke, March 24, 1952https://commons.und.edu/burdick-papers/1151/thumbnail.jp

Letter from H. F. Gierke, Jr. to Representative Burdick Regarding Money Paid to the Three Affiliated Tribes and the Relocation of the Agency, March 15, 1952

This letter, dated March 15, 1952, from H. F. Gierke Jr. of Watford City, North Dakota to United States (US) Representative Usher Burdick remarks on the call for an investigation of the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation and discusses several issues related to the Three Affiliated Tribes. Gierke says that he owns land on the reservation and therefore has an interest in happenings on the reservation. Gierke talks about how he sees tribal members on the reservation spending their money and talks about land sales. He also comments on the location of the new agency, presumably the Indian Agency. See also: Letter from Representative Burdick to H. F. Gierke, Jr. Informing of an April 4 Hearing That Will Address Complaints Made by Members of the Three Affiliated Tribes and Others Including Those Made by Gierke, March 24, 1952https://commons.und.edu/burdick-papers/1147/thumbnail.jp

Impedance of a sphere oscillating in an elastic medium with and without slip

The dynamic impedance of a sphere oscillating in an elastic medium is considered. Oestreicher's formula for the impedance of a sphere bonded to the surrounding medium can be expressed simply in terms of three lumped impedances associated with the displaced mass and the longitudinal and transverse waves. If the surface of the sphere slips while the normal velocity remains continuous, the impedance formula is modified by adjusting the definition of the transverse impedance to include the interfacial impedance.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure

On spin-rotation contribution to nuclear spin conversion in C_{3v}-symmetry molecules. Application to CH_3F

The symmetrized contribution of E-type spin-rotation interaction to conversion between spin modifications of E- and A_1-types in molecules with C_{3v}-symmetry is considered. Using the high-J descending of collisional broadening for accidental rotational resonances between these spin modifications, it was possible to co-ordinate the theoretical description of the conversion with (updated) experimental data for two carbon-substituted isotopes of fluoromethane. As a result, both E-type spin-rotation constants are obtained. They are roughly one and a half times more than the corresponding constants for (deutero)methane.Comment: 13 pages with single-spacing, REVTeX, no figures, accepted for publication in <J. Phys. B

Ernst Freund as Precursor of the Rational Study of Corporate Law

Gindis, David, Ernst Freund as Precursor of the Rational Study of Corporate Law (October 27, 2017). Journal of Institutional Economics, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2905547, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2905547The rise of large business corporations in the late 19th century compelled many American observers to admit that the nature of the corporation had yet to be understood. Published in this context, Ernst Freund's little-known The Legal Nature of Corporations (1897) was an original attempt to come to terms with a new legal and economic reality. But it can also be described, to paraphrase Oliver Wendell Holmes, as the earliest example of the rational study of corporate law. The paper shows that Freund had the intuitions of an institutional economist, and engaged in what today would be called comparative institutional analysis. Remarkably, his argument that the corporate form secures property against insider defection and against outsiders anticipated recent work on entity shielding and capital lock-in, and can be read as an early contribution to what today would be called the theory of the firm.Peer reviewe

Subsecond Morphological Changes in Nafion during Water Uptake Detected by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

The ability of Nafion® membrane to absorb water rapidly and create a network of hydrated interconnected water domains provides this material with an unmatched ability to conduct ions through a chemically and mechanically robust membrane. The morphology and composition of these hydrated membranes significantly affects their transport properties and performance. This work demonstrates that differences in interfacial interactions between the membranes exposed to vapor or liquid water can cause significant changes in kinetics of water uptake. In-situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments captured the rapid swelling of the membrane in liquid water with nanostructure rearrangement on the order of seconds. For membranes in contact with water vapor, morphological changes are four-orders-of-magnitude slower than in liquid water, suggesting that interfacial resistance limits the penetration of water into the membrane. Also, upon water absorption from liquid water, a structural rearrangement from a distribution of spherical and cylindrical domains to exclusively cylindrical-like domains is suggested. These differences in water-uptake kinetics and morphology provide a new perspective into Schroeder’s Paradox, which dictates different water contents for vaporand liquid-equilibrated ionomers at unit activity. The findings of this work provide critical insights into the fast kinetics of water absorption of Nafion membrane, which can aid in the design of energy conversion devices that operate under frequent changes in environmental conditions

Morphology of supported polymer electrolyte ultra-thin films: a numerical study

Morphology of polymer electrolytes membranes (PEM), e.g., Nafion, inside PEM fuel cell catalyst layers has significant impact on the electrochemical activity and transport phenomena that determine cell performance. In those regions, Nafion can be found as an ultra-thin film, coating the catalyst and the catalyst support surfaces. The impact of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of these surfaces on the structural formation of the films has not been sufficiently explored yet. Here, we report about Molecular Dynamics simulation investigation of the substrate effects on the ionomer ultra-thin film morphology at different hydration levels. We use a mean-field-like model we introduced in previous publications for the interaction of the hydrated Nafion ionomer with a substrate, characterized by a tunable degree of hydrophilicity. We show that the affinity of the substrate with water plays a crucial role in the molecular rearrangement of the ionomer film, resulting in completely different morphologies. Detailed structural description in different regions of the film shows evidences of strongly heterogeneous behavior. A qualitative discussion of the implications of our observations on the PEMFC catalyst layer performance is finally proposed