Economics and science of hog manure handling and storage technologies

Non-Peer ReviewedHog production has been growing rapidly in Canada and this growth has created concerns over manure handling and the risk of soil and water contamination. There is limited information available to swine producers as to which technologies and manure management systems would best serve them both economically and environmentally. The objective of this study is to assess hog manure handling and storage systems and outline their environmental advantages and disadvantages. Five main technologies are reviewed which include (1) manure handling, (2) solid/liquid separation, (3) composting, (4) land application, and (5) manure storage. The average cost of hauling liquid manure within 2-3 mile distance is about $0.0125. If the total cost of hauling liquid manure is charged against its nutrients value, the producer cannot afford to haul much more than 2 to 3 miles; therefore, there is a restriction on the distance that manure can economically be moved and the availability of suitable land for manure application becomes a concern. Because of this restriction, manure treatment and the technologies for manure management such as solid/liquid separation or composting become attractive technologies to consider both economically and environmentally. Liquid/solid separation is a step in a complete manure treatment system and it has been utilized to reduce odour and manage phosphorus. There are different technologies available for solid/liquid separation which cost anywhere from$1.22 to $5.38 per pig marketed. Composting could also be utilized in swine manure management but because of high moisture contents, a high carbon source or bulking agent is required. Composting itself could costs anywhere from$4.85 to $13.49 per tonne of raw manure composted depending on type of composting technologies used. Manure storage is also part of integrated manure management system which comes in three main forms: earthen, concrete, and steel. Earthen manure storage systems are the most prominent manure storage systems in Western Canada. The capital cost for earthen manure range from$0.0039 to $0.0953 per gallon depending on availability of equipment and materials and additional costs may also required for adding a liner of clay. Other types of storage system generally cost higher but they might be more environmentally friendly. Operation and maintenance costs of manure storage is mainly limited with seasonal labor for agitation the waste, removal of sludge, and performing pump outs

Microwave Electronics

Contains reports on four research projects.United States Department of the ArmyUnited States Department of the NavyUnited States Department of the Air Force (Contract AF19(122)-458)Lincoln Laboratory (Purchase Order DDL-B222

Microwave Electronics

Contains reports on five research projects

Microwave Electronics

Contains research objectives and reports on four research projects.Department of the NavyDepartment of the Air Force under Contract AF19(122)-458Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr 1845(05)Department of the ArmyLincoln Laboratory, Purchase Order DDL-B22

Plasma Dynamics

Contains research objectives and reports on three research projects.National Science Foundation under Grant G-9930Air Force Cambridge Research Center under Contract AF-19(604)-5992WADC Contract AF33(616)-3984, with the Electronic Systems LaboratoryContract AF19(604)-4551 with Air Force Cambridge Research CenterAtomic Energy Commission under Contract AT(30-1)184

Plasma Dynamics

Contains reports on two research projects.National Science Foundation under Grant G-9330WADD Contract AF33(616)-7624 with Flight Accessories Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OhioAtomic Energy Commission under Contract AT(30-1)-1842Air Force Command and Control Development Division under Contract AF19(604)-599

Plasma Dynamics

Contains reports on three research projects.National Science Foundation under Grant G-9330Air Force Cambridge Research Center under Contract AF-19(604)-5992United States Air Force (WADD Contract AF33(616)-3984)Contract AF19(604)-4551 with Air Force Cambridge Research CenterAeronautical Accessories Laboratory, Wright Air Development Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio (Air Force Contract AF33(616)-3984, Project 8149, Task No. 61098)Atomic Energy Commission under Contract AT(30-1)-184

Plasma Dynamics

Contains reports on three research projects.United States Atomic Energy Commission (Contract AT(30-1)-1842)United States Air Force, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Air Research and Development Command (Contract AF19(604)-5992)National Science Foundation (Grant G-9330)Flight Accessories Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WADD Contract AF33(616)-3984

Plasma Dynamics

Contains research objectives and reports on three research projects.Contract AF19(604)-4551 with Air Force Cambridge Research CenterAtomic Energy Commission under Contract AT(30-1)-1842Air Force Cambridge Research Center under Contract AF19(604)-5992National Science Foundation under Grant G-9330WADD Contract AF33(616)-7624 with Flight Accessories Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohi

Guidelines for reporting research using Systematic Coding of Observed human Behaviour (SCOBe)

Systematic coding of observed human behaviour (SCOBe) is used across disciplines and topics but methodological reporting is often incomplete. We developed internationally generated, interdisciplinary guidelines for methodological reporting of such research. Using Delphi methodology, a working group of 22 experts sought group consensus in three rounds. Participants first assessed an initial set of reporting criteria (round 1). Next, in interactive meetings participants revised these criteria and reached consensus on reporting content (rounds 2 & 3). We present 20 criteria constituting the first comprehensive reporting guidelines for SCOBe research using existing, newly developed, or modified coding systems. The criteria encompass three procedural domains: 1. Research context; 2. Properties of the coding scheme; and 3. Application of the coding scheme. The presented guidelines will assist in substantiating and assessing the quality of SCOBe research. We encourage researchers to adopt these guidelines, to enhance quality of mono- and interdisciplinary research