Исследование и совершенствование методов упрочнения нагруженных элементов многоходового переключателя скважин с целью повышения ресурса его работы

Работа направлена на построение модели узла многоходового переключателя скважин системы расчета нефти на месторождении и последующие расчеты на ее основе с целью выработки рекомендаций по упрочнению рабочих элементов клапана, подверженных интенсивному износу. Анализируя литературу по конструкции ПСМ, модернизации корпуса и других элементов, можно прейти к выводу об актуальности темы исследования. Большой ряд патентов предлагает различные модернизации корпуса ПСМ. Ряд научных статей описывает проблемы износа. ПСМ используется повсеместно на нефтегазовом промысле, выход из строя приводит к ремонту и остановке линии, а как следствие к экономическим затратам на простой, ремонт, либо замену оборудования. Из полученных с производства данных видны проблемы износа рабочих элементов корпуса.The work is aimed at building a model of the multi-pass switch node of the oil calculation system on the field and subsequent calculations based on it in order to develop recommendations for strengthening the working elements of the valve that are subject to intense wear. Analyzing the literature on the design of the PSM, the modernization of the housing and other elements, we can come to a conclusion about the relevance of the research topic. A large number of patents offer various upgrades to the PSM case. A number of scientific articles describe wear problems. PSM is used everywhere in the oil and gas field, failure leads to the repair and installation of the line, and as a result to the economic costs of downtime, repair, or replacement of equipment. From the data obtained from produc

Банковская система РФ

В данной статье изложены материалы по теме "Банковская система РФ", в которой описаны основные понятия, функции и структура, показаны рейтинг банков, сущность банковской системы РФ

Der Einfluß systemischer Wachstumshormongabe auf die Spalthautdefektheilung beim Schwein

Ultima-ratio therapies in adult burn patients using recombinant human growth hormone, revealed a faster healing of split thickness skin graft donor sites. Furthermore, no standardized studies about the influence of different wound dressings on the healing time of split thickness skin graft donor sites are available. Goal of this animal experiment was, to study the influence of systemic growth hormone administration and different wound dressings on the healing time of split thickness skin graft donor sites under standardized conditions in an adult pig model. In 15 (8 verum, 7 control) adult, male pigs a total of 30, 0.6 mm deep split thickness wounds, size 8 x 4 cm were created on the back of the pigs. Six split thickness wounds were assigned in one group and treated with different wound dressings, namingly a dry wound dressing (Braunovidon), a calcium-alginate dressing (Kaltostat), silk, a polyurethane dressing (OpSite) and a hydrocolloid dressing (Varihesive E). Pigs were followed up for 14 days and daily treated subcutaneously with recombinant human growth hormone (0,5 I.E./kg KG) or 4 ml 0.9% sodium chloride. Every 2-3 days dressing exchange was performed. One punch biopsy per group was taken out of the wound ground and the healing progress was photo documented. Furthermore, a blood sample was taken from the pigs to determine the expression of IGF-1, the peripheral mediator of growth hormone. Biopsies were histologically stained with H & E and basal membrane components were examined using immunhistochemical techniques and antibodies directed against laminin 5, collagen IV and VII. The criterion for a healed wound was a starting stratification of the newly formed epidermis. Serum IGF-1 was statistically significant increased in the verum group, when compared to the control group. Clinically and histologically the split skin graft donor sites treated with Varihesive E, OpSite and Braunovidon showed a significant faster healing rate of 1.36-2.87 days in the verum groups compared to the control group. Wounds treated with Kaltostat or silk healed faster, the difference however, was not statistically significant. Immunhistochemical analysis revealed a rebuild basal membrane zone at day 7-8 in all groups. In this standardized adult animal experiments we could demonstrate a statistically significant increase in serum IGF-1, as well as an improved healing of split thickness wounds in animals treated with recombinant human growth hormone. The increase of IGF-1 in the serum after treatment with growth hormone correlates positively with an improvement in wound healing in this group. Assuming that these results are transferable into humans, the application of systemic growth hormone in severely burned patients might indeed be useful to improve the healing time and of split skin graft donor sites