Euro Area Enlargement and Euro Adoption Strategies

The paper discusses the risks and challenges faced by the new members on the road to the euro and the strategies for and timing of euro adoption. We investigate the real-nominal convergence nexus from the perspective of euro area entry. We argue that the initial level of economic development as measured by per capita income and the speed of real convergence have a bearing on the strategies to follow and on the timing of entry into euro area. This is because the lower is the per capita income, the larger is the price level gap to close and the greater is the danger of credit booms and overheating. We argue that inflation targeting with floating rates is better suited than hard pegs to manage the price level catching-up process. We suggest a modification in the Maastricht inflation criterion which as currently defined has lost its economic logic.euro area enlargement, convergence, exchange rate, inflation, Maastricht

The updated orthophragminid zonation and main turnovers based on the late Paleocene to Priabonian record from Turkey

Abstrac

Late Eocene evolution of Spiroclypeus in Europe

Abstrac

Bartonian to end-Rupelian reticulate Nummulites of the Western Tethys

Abstrac

Evolution of western Tethyan involute Heterostegina from late Bartonian to the end-Priabonian

Abstrac

Emerging Artificial Societies Through Learning

The NewTies project is implementing a simulation in which societies of agents are expected to de-velop autonomously as a result of individual, population and social learning. These societies are expected to be able to solve environmental challenges by acting collectively. The challenges are in-tended to be analogous to those faced by early, simple, small-scale human societies. This report on work in progress outlines the major features of the system as it is currently conceived within the project, including the design of the agents, the environment, the mechanism for the evolution of language and the peer-to-peer infrastructure on which the simulation runs.Artificial Societies, Evolution of Language, Decision Trees, Peer-To-Peer Networks, Social Learning