Mapping the sites of the lipoprotein lipase (LPL)–angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) interaction provides mechanistic insight into LPL inhibition

Cardiovascular disease has been the leading cause of death throughout the world for nearly 2 decades. Hypertriglyceridemia affects more than one-third of the population in the United States and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Despite the frequency of hypertriglyceridemia, treatment options are primarily limited to diet and exercise. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is an enzyme responsible for clearing triglycerides from circulation, and its activity alone can directly control plasma triglyceride concentrations. Therefore, LPL is a good target for triglyceride-lowering therapeutics. One approach for treating hypertriglyceridemia may be to increase the amount of enzymatically active LPL by preventing its inhibition by angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4). However, little is known about how these two proteins interact. Therefore, we used hydrogen– deuterium exchange MS to identify potential binding sites between LPL and ANGPTL4. We validated sites predicted to be located at the protein–protein interface by using chimeric variants of LPL and an LPL peptide mimetic. We found that ANGPTL4 binds LPL near the active site at the lid domain and a nearby -helix. Lipase lid domains cover the active site to control both enzyme activation and substrate specificity. Our findings suggest that ANGPTL4 specifically inhibits LPL by binding the lid domain, which could prevent substrate catalysis at the active site. The structural details of the LPL–ANGPTL4 interaction uncovered here may inform the development of therapeutics targeted to disrupt this interaction for the management of hypertriglyceridemia