Učinak adjuvansa saponina i montanida ISA 50 na imunološki odgovor teladi imunizirane pročišćenim antigenom srednjega crijeva krpelja Hyalomma marginatum isaaci

Immune status of calves, immunized with purified midgut antigen of Hyalomma marginatum isaaci, was assessed by standard immunological tests. Leukocyte migration inhibition test showed inhibition from day 21 post-infection in calves that received midgut antigen with Saponin as adjuvant (Saponin group) while significant inhibition was observed from 28 DPI in the Montanide group. Intradermal test revealed immediate hypersensitivity reaction within 15 m. and the highest skin fold thickness was observed after 24 h. of inoculation of antigen (14.50 ± 1.50 mm in the Saponin group and 12.00 ± 0.70 mm in the Montanide group). Similarly, a significant humoral response as judged by ELISA was observed from 7 DPI (P<0.01) in the Saponin group, with a peak value on 42 DPI, whereas the significant antibody was observed only on 21 DPI, with a peak value on 30 DPI in the Montanide group.Imunosni status teladi imunizirane pročišćenim antigenom srednjega crijeva krpelja Hyalomma marginatum isaaci procijenjen je upotrebom standardnih imunoloških testova. Testom inhibicije migracije leukocita dokazana je inhibicija 21. dana nakon invazije u teladi imunizirane antigenom srednjega crijeva krpelja u kombinaciji sa saponinom kao adjuvansom, dok je značajna inhibicija u skupini u kojoj je primijenjen montanid bila dokazana 28. dana nakon invazije. Intradermalnim testom dokazana je reakcija rane preosjetljivosti već za 15 minuta. Najveće zadebljanje kože dokazano je 24 sata nakon inokulacije antigena (14,50 ± 1,50 mm u skupini u kojoj je primijenjen saponin i 12,00 ± 0,7 mm u skupini u kojoj je primijenjen montanid). Znatan humoralni odgovor određen imunoenzimnim testom zabilježen je 7. dana nakon invazije (P<0,01) u skupini u kojoj je bio primijenjen saponin s najvišom vrijednošću 42. dana poslije inokulacije, dok je porast titra protutijela zabilježen 21. dana poslije inokulacije u skupini u kojoj je primijenjen montanid s vršnom vrijednošću zabilježenom 30. dana nakon primjene

Učinkovitost biljnog pripravka protiv cekalne kokcidioze u tovnih pilića

The anticoccidial efficacy of a herbal complex consisting of Solanum nigram (35%), Aloe vera (15%), Moringa indica (35%) and Mentha arvensis (15%) was tested against Eimeria tenella infection in broilers. Thirty day old broiler chicks were divided into 5 experimental groups, each group having 6 chicks, and were maintained on an anticoccidial free diet. Groups A, B, C and D were challenged with 30,000 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella at day 28 of age, while group E served as the uninfected unmedicated control. After 3 days of challenge infection, the birds belonging to groups A and B were treated with herbal complex at the dose rate of 5 and 10% for 7 days continuously. Group C was fed with Salinomycin mixed feed for the same period. In the treatment groups, the birds that received 10% (group B) herbal complex showed better body mass gain between the 4th and 5th weeks (344.34 ± 59.81gm), superior feed conversion ratio (1.77 ± 0.43) and moderate caecal length (11.5 ± 1.19 cm). However, there was no significant difference in the oocyst output between all the treated and control groups. The body mass gain, FCR and caecal length of the uninfected unmedicated group were 461.86 ± 87.03, 1.70 ± 0.46 and 16.9 ± 1.2 cm respectively. Mortality of birds was recorded in groups A and D only.Protukokcidijska učinkovitost biljnoga pripravka sastavljenoga od biljaka Solanum nigram 35%, Aloe vera 15%, Moringa indica 35% i Mentha arvensis 15% istražena je na tovnim pilićima invadiranima kokcidijom Eimeria tenella. Trideset jednodnevnih pilića bilo je podijeljeno u pet pokusnih skupina. U svakoj skupini bilo je šest pilića, koji su do pokusa bili hranjeni krmivom bez protukokcidijskih sredstava. Pilići skupina A, B, C i D bili su u dobi od 28 dana invadirani s 30 000 sporuliranih oocisti E. tenella. Pilići skupine E bili su neinvadirana i neliječena kontrola. Trećega dana nakon izazivačke invazije, pilićima skupina A i B primijenjen je biljni pripravak u količini od 5 do 10% tijekom sedam dana. Skupina C bila je istodobno hranjena krmivom s primiješanim salinomicinom. U pilića skupine B koji su u hrani dobivali 10%-tni biljni pripravak ustanovljen je bolji prirast u razdoblju od 4. do 5. tjedna (344,34 ± 59,81 g), veća iskoristivost hrane (1,77 ± 0,43 g) i srednja dužina slijepog crijeva 11,5 ± 11,9 cm. Nije ustanovljena značajna razlika u broju oocisti između obrađivanih skupina i kontrolne skupine. U neinvadirane i neliječene skupine prirast je iznosio 461,86 ± 87,03, FCR 1,70 ± 0,46, dok je dužina slijepog crijeva iznosila 16,9 ± 1,2 cm. Uginuća su zabilježena samo u skupini A i D

Učinkovitost biljnog pripravka protiv cekalne kokcidioze u tovnih pilića

The anticoccidial efficacy of a herbal complex consisting of Solanum nigram (35%), Aloe vera (15%), Moringa indica (35%) and Mentha arvensis (15%) was tested against Eimeria tenella infection in broilers. Thirty day old broiler chicks were divided into 5 experimental groups, each group having 6 chicks, and were maintained on an anticoccidial free diet. Groups A, B, C and D were challenged with 30,000 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella at day 28 of age, while group E served as the uninfected unmedicated control. After 3 days of challenge infection, the birds belonging to groups A and B were treated with herbal complex at the dose rate of 5 and 10% for 7 days continuously. Group C was fed with Salinomycin mixed feed for the same period. In the treatment groups, the birds that received 10% (group B) herbal complex showed better body mass gain between the 4th and 5th weeks (344.34 ± 59.81gm), superior feed conversion ratio (1.77 ± 0.43) and moderate caecal length (11.5 ± 1.19 cm). However, there was no significant difference in the oocyst output between all the treated and control groups. The body mass gain, FCR and caecal length of the uninfected unmedicated group were 461.86 ± 87.03, 1.70 ± 0.46 and 16.9 ± 1.2 cm respectively. Mortality of birds was recorded in groups A and D only.Protukokcidijska učinkovitost biljnoga pripravka sastavljenoga od biljaka Solanum nigram 35%, Aloe vera 15%, Moringa indica 35% i Mentha arvensis 15% istražena je na tovnim pilićima invadiranima kokcidijom Eimeria tenella. Trideset jednodnevnih pilića bilo je podijeljeno u pet pokusnih skupina. U svakoj skupini bilo je šest pilića, koji su do pokusa bili hranjeni krmivom bez protukokcidijskih sredstava. Pilići skupina A, B, C i D bili su u dobi od 28 dana invadirani s 30 000 sporuliranih oocisti E. tenella. Pilići skupine E bili su neinvadirana i neliječena kontrola. Trećega dana nakon izazivačke invazije, pilićima skupina A i B primijenjen je biljni pripravak u količini od 5 do 10% tijekom sedam dana. Skupina C bila je istodobno hranjena krmivom s primiješanim salinomicinom. U pilića skupine B koji su u hrani dobivali 10%-tni biljni pripravak ustanovljen je bolji prirast u razdoblju od 4. do 5. tjedna (344,34 ± 59,81 g), veća iskoristivost hrane (1,77 ± 0,43 g) i srednja dužina slijepog crijeva 11,5 ± 11,9 cm. Nije ustanovljena značajna razlika u broju oocisti između obrađivanih skupina i kontrolne skupine. U neinvadirane i neliječene skupine prirast je iznosio 461,86 ± 87,03, FCR 1,70 ± 0,46, dok je dužina slijepog crijeva iznosila 16,9 ± 1,2 cm. Uginuća su zabilježena samo u skupini A i D

Učinkovitost biljnog pripravka protiv cekalne kokcidioze u tovnih pilića

The anticoccidial efficacy of a herbal complex consisting of Solanum nigram (35%), Aloe vera (15%), Moringa indica (35%) and Mentha arvensis (15%) was tested against Eimeria tenella infection in broilers. Thirty day old broiler chicks were divided into 5 experimental groups, each group having 6 chicks, and were maintained on an anticoccidial free diet. Groups A, B, C and D were challenged with 30,000 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella at day 28 of age, while group E served as the uninfected unmedicated control. After 3 days of challenge infection, the birds belonging to groups A and B were treated with herbal complex at the dose rate of 5 and 10% for 7 days continuously. Group C was fed with Salinomycin mixed feed for the same period. In the treatment groups, the birds that received 10% (group B) herbal complex showed better body mass gain between the 4th and 5th weeks (344.34 ± 59.81gm), superior feed conversion ratio (1.77 ± 0.43) and moderate caecal length (11.5 ± 1.19 cm). However, there was no significant difference in the oocyst output between all the treated and control groups. The body mass gain, FCR and caecal length of the uninfected unmedicated group were 461.86 ± 87.03, 1.70 ± 0.46 and 16.9 ± 1.2 cm respectively. Mortality of birds was recorded in groups A and D only.Protukokcidijska učinkovitost biljnoga pripravka sastavljenoga od biljaka Solanum nigram 35%, Aloe vera 15%, Moringa indica 35% i Mentha arvensis 15% istražena je na tovnim pilićima invadiranima kokcidijom Eimeria tenella. Trideset jednodnevnih pilića bilo je podijeljeno u pet pokusnih skupina. U svakoj skupini bilo je šest pilića, koji su do pokusa bili hranjeni krmivom bez protukokcidijskih sredstava. Pilići skupina A, B, C i D bili su u dobi od 28 dana invadirani s 30 000 sporuliranih oocisti E. tenella. Pilići skupine E bili su neinvadirana i neliječena kontrola. Trećega dana nakon izazivačke invazije, pilićima skupina A i B primijenjen je biljni pripravak u količini od 5 do 10% tijekom sedam dana. Skupina C bila je istodobno hranjena krmivom s primiješanim salinomicinom. U pilića skupine B koji su u hrani dobivali 10%-tni biljni pripravak ustanovljen je bolji prirast u razdoblju od 4. do 5. tjedna (344,34 ± 59,81 g), veća iskoristivost hrane (1,77 ± 0,43 g) i srednja dužina slijepog crijeva 11,5 ± 11,9 cm. Nije ustanovljena značajna razlika u broju oocisti između obrađivanih skupina i kontrolne skupine. U neinvadirane i neliječene skupine prirast je iznosio 461,86 ± 87,03, FCR 1,70 ± 0,46, dok je dužina slijepog crijeva iznosila 16,9 ± 1,2 cm. Uginuća su zabilježena samo u skupini A i D

Učinak adjuvansa saponina i montanida ISA 50 na imunološki odgovor teladi imunizirane pročišćenim antigenom srednjega crijeva krpelja Hyalomma marginatum isaaci

Immune status of calves, immunized with purified midgut antigen of Hyalomma marginatum isaaci, was assessed by standard immunological tests. Leukocyte migration inhibition test showed inhibition from day 21 post-infection in calves that received midgut antigen with Saponin as adjuvant (Saponin group) while significant inhibition was observed from 28 DPI in the Montanide group. Intradermal test revealed immediate hypersensitivity reaction within 15 m. and the highest skin fold thickness was observed after 24 h. of inoculation of antigen (14.50 ± 1.50 mm in the Saponin group and 12.00 ± 0.70 mm in the Montanide group). Similarly, a significant humoral response as judged by ELISA was observed from 7 DPI (P<0.01) in the Saponin group, with a peak value on 42 DPI, whereas the significant antibody was observed only on 21 DPI, with a peak value on 30 DPI in the Montanide group.Imunosni status teladi imunizirane pročišćenim antigenom srednjega crijeva krpelja Hyalomma marginatum isaaci procijenjen je upotrebom standardnih imunoloških testova. Testom inhibicije migracije leukocita dokazana je inhibicija 21. dana nakon invazije u teladi imunizirane antigenom srednjega crijeva krpelja u kombinaciji sa saponinom kao adjuvansom, dok je značajna inhibicija u skupini u kojoj je primijenjen montanid bila dokazana 28. dana nakon invazije. Intradermalnim testom dokazana je reakcija rane preosjetljivosti već za 15 minuta. Najveće zadebljanje kože dokazano je 24 sata nakon inokulacije antigena (14,50 ± 1,50 mm u skupini u kojoj je primijenjen saponin i 12,00 ± 0,7 mm u skupini u kojoj je primijenjen montanid). Znatan humoralni odgovor određen imunoenzimnim testom zabilježen je 7. dana nakon invazije (P<0,01) u skupini u kojoj je bio primijenjen saponin s najvišom vrijednošću 42. dana poslije inokulacije, dok je porast titra protutijela zabilježen 21. dana poslije inokulacije u skupini u kojoj je primijenjen montanid s vršnom vrijednošću zabilježenom 30. dana nakon primjene

Hyalomma marginatum isaaci

response of calves immunized with purified midgut antigen o

Single-nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic diversity analysis of the Kilakarsal and Vembur sheep breeds

Aim: The present study was thus undertaken to analyze the genetic diversity of Kilakarsal and Vembur sheep breeds using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers within Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3, 5, 6, 9, and 10 genes. Materials and Methods: Competitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based end-point genotyping was performed using real-time PCR to type the SNPs. Allele discrimination module implemented in real-time PCR was utilized to call the genotypes based on fluorescence intensity recorded for each of the two alleles. Basic diversity indices, namely, gene frequencies, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and inbreeding coefficient (FIS), and testing for Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were estimated using package for elementary analysis of SNP data software program. Results: Of the 25 SNPs, 22 were found to be polymorphic, whereas two SNPs, namely, TLR3_1081_AC and TLR9_2036_CT, were monomorphic in both Kilakarsal and Vembur sheep populations. The SNP TLR10_1180_AG was monomorphic in Kilakarsal but polymorphic in Vembur sheep. The observed heterozygosities were estimated as 0.289 and 0.309 in Kilakarsal and Vembur sheep, respectively, whereas the expected heterozygosity values were 0.305 and 0.309 in the two breeds, respectively. The overall mean FIS was 0.107 ranging from -0.005 to 0.241 in Kilakarsal sheep and -0.047 ranging from -0.005 to 0.255 in Vembur sheep. In Kilakarsal sheep, the test for HWE revealed TLR9_1308_GC SNP locus with significant deviation (p0.05) revealing that the population was in HWE proportions. Conclusion: The SNP markers within five TLR genes (TLR3, TLR5, TLR6, TLR9, and TLR10) utilized for genotyping in this study were highly polymorphic in Kilakarsal and Vembur breeds of sheep. This study on the genetic diversity analysis of the Kilakarsal and Vembur sheep breeds revealed considerable genetic variation within the breeds and it can be utilized to improve desirable traits