Pesticides Occurrence in Water Sources and Decontamination Techniques

Pesticides are essential in crop protection as they keep the plants safe from insects, weeds, fungi, and other pests in order to increase crop production and feed billions of people throughout the world. There are more than 500 pesticide molecules currently in use all around the world. Their non-judicious use has noticeably contaminated the environment and caused negative effects on humans and other life forms. The rainfall or irrigation water takes away the pesticide residues to nearby surface water bodies through runoff or to the groundwater sources through leaching. The occurrence of pesticides in water resources could have multiple consequences. Exposure of pesticides through contaminated water becomes the cause of acute and chronic health problems in people of all ages. Pesticide residues have the potential to disrupt the ecosystem equilibrium in water bodies. Contaminated irrigation water can contaminate other crops as well as their environment. This chapter will discuss the major exposure routes of pesticides in water bodies mainly from agricultural sectors and their effect on the ecosystem. The chapter will also discuss decontamination techniques to eliminate pesticide contaminants from water bodies

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IMPACT OF ELEVATED CO2 ON RICE BROWN PLANTHOPPER NILAPARVATA LUGENS (STAL.)

Not AvailableInfluence of elevated CO 2 (570±25 ppm) on the rice brown plant hopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.) was studied in the Free Air Carbon Enrichment (FACE) facility during rainy season 2013. The BPH appeared on the crop during last week of August (35th Standard Meteorological Week- SMW) that corresponded to 44 days after transplanting (DAT). From 35th to 38th SMW, total BPH population under both elevated and ambient conditions did not differ significantly; however, significantly higher BPH population was recorded from 39th to 44th SMW under elevated CO2. The peak incidence was recorded in the second week of October (42nd SMW) under both the conditions. Significantly higher canopy circumference under elevated condition provided better environmental condition for the BPH multiplication.Not Availabl

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Varietal preference of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in greengram

Not AvailableEighty five greengram accessions were evaluated against the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) to find the sources of resistance under laboratory condition. Accessions which exhibited lesser growth index (GI) during the preliminary ‘free choice’ test were further subjected to ‘force choice’ test for confirmation of resistance. Though, no accession was found immune to infestation, yet showed significant differences in terms of oviposition, developmental period, adult emergence and seed weight loss. Three accessions viz, KM-12-10, KM-11-32 and KM-11-10 revealed lesser adult emergence (21.34, 30.64 and 34.92%, respectively), prolonged developmental period (32.21, 31.82 and 34.59 days, respectively) and lesser index of suitability (0.041, 0.047 and 0.049, respectively) as compared to the highly susceptible M1319B, which exhibited 84.05% survival, developmental period of 23.75 days, and index of suitability 0.081. Correlation between GI and other growth parameters on the accessions indicated that the GI had negative relationship with developmental period (-0.0987) and significant positive relationship with adult emergence (0.985) and weight loss (0.959). Hence, these accessions might be effectively used as promising donors for developing resistant varieties, and for reducing post harvest losses.Not Availabl

Impact of elevated CO2 on Oryza sativa phenology and brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) population

Not AvailableThe impact of elevated CO2 (570 25 ppm) on brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and Pusa Basmati 1401 rice in comparison to ambient CO2 was studied in open top chambers (OTCs) during the rainy seasons of 2013 and 2014. Crop canopy circumference was higher (13.1–16.8 cm) under elevated CO2 when compared to ambient CO2 (10.3–13.1 cm) during different rice phenological stages indicating the positive influence of elevated CO2. In addition, elevated CO2 exhibited a positive effect on rice plants through increase in tiller number (17.6%), reproductive tiller number (16.2%), number of seeds/panicle (15.1%) and thousand grains weight (10.8%) that resulted in higher grain yield (15%) when compared to ambient CO2. Elevated CO2 also exhibited a positive effect on brown planthopper population through increase in fecundity (29% and 31.6%) which resulted in a significant increase in its population to 150.3 16.4 and 97.7 8.7 hoppers/hill at peak incidence during 2013 and 2014 respectively, when compared to the corresponding 49.1 9.3 and 43.7 7.0 hoppers/hill under ambient CO2. Moreover, brown planthopper females excreted more honeydew (68.2% and 72.3%) under elevated CO2 over ambient CO2 during both years. However, elevated CO2 caused reduction in the longevity of females (23.9–27.4%) during both years and male longevity (24.1%) during 2013. Despite the positive effect, rice crops suffered higher yield loss under elevated CO2 (29.9–34.9%) due to increased brown planthopper infestation coupled with higher sucking rate due to reduced nitrogen level under elevated CO2 compared to ambient CO2 (17–23.1%) during 2013 and 2014.Indian Agricultural Research Institut

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Not AvailableThe impact of elevated CO2 (570 25 ppm) on brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and Pusa Basmati 1401 rice in comparison to ambient CO2 was studied in open top chambers (OTCs) during the rainy seasons of 2013 and 2014. Crop canopy circumference was higher (13.1–16.8 cm) under elevated CO2 when compared to ambient CO2 (10.3–13.1 cm) during different rice phenological stages indicating the positive influence of elevated CO2. In addition, elevated CO2 exhibited a positive effect on rice plants through increase in tiller number (17.6%), reproductive tillernumber (16.2%), number of seeds/panicle (15.1%) and thousand grains weight (10.8%) that resulted in higher grain yield (15%) when compared to ambient CO2. Elevated CO2 also exhibited a positive effect on brown planthopper population through increase in fecundity (29% and 31.6%) which resulted in a significant increase in its population to 150.3 16.4 and 97.7 8.7 hoppers/hill at peak incidence during 2013 and 2014 respectively, when compared to the corresponding 49.1 9.3 and 43.7 7.0 hoppers/hill under ambient CO2. Moreover, brown planthopper females excreted more honeydew (68.2% and 72.3%) under elevated CO2 over ambient CO2 during both years. However, elevated CO2 caused reduction in the longevity of females (23.9–27.4%) during both years and male longevity (24.1%) during 2013. Despite the positive effect, rice crops suffered higher yield loss under elevated CO2 (29.9–34.9%) due to increased brown planthopper infestation coupled with higher sucking rate due to reduced nitrogen level under elevated CO2 compared to ambient CO2 (17–23.1%) during 2013 and 2014.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe impact of elevated CO2 (570 25 ppm) on brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and Pusa Basmati 1401 rice in comparison to ambient CO2 was studied in open top chambers (OTCs) during the rainy seasons of 2013 and 2014. Crop canopy circumference was higher (13.1–16.8 cm) under elevated CO2 when compared to ambient CO2 (10.3–13.1 cm) during different rice phenological stages indicating the positive influence of elevated CO2. In addition, elevated CO2 exhibited a positive effect on rice plants through increase in tiller number (17.6%), reproductive tillernumber (16.2%), number of seeds/panicle (15.1%) and thousand grains weight (10.8%) that resulted in higher grain yield (15%) when compared to ambient CO2. Elevated CO2 also exhibited a positive effect on brown planthopper population through increase in fecundity (29% and 31.6%) which resulted in a significant increase in its population to 150.3 16.4 and 97.7 8.7 hoppers/hill at peak incidence during 2013 and 2014 respectively, when compared to the corresponding 49.1 9.3 and 43.7 7.0 hoppers/hill under ambient CO2. Moreover, brown planthopper females excreted more honeydew (68.2% and 72.3%) under elevated CO2 over ambient CO2 during both years. However, elevated CO2 caused reduction in the longevity of females (23.9–27.4%) during both years and male longevity (24.1%) during 2013. Despite the positive effect, rice crops suffered higher yield loss under elevated CO2 (29.9–34.9%) due to increased brown planthopper infestation coupled with higher sucking rate due to reduced nitrogen level under elevated CO2 compared to ambient CO2 (17–23.1%) during 2013 and 2014.Not Availabl

Agrobacterium mediated transformation in rice

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Brown planthopper-A ravaging pest of rice ecosystem

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