MANAGEMENT OF PSORIASIS: A FOCUS ON PHYTOCHEMICALS

Psoriasis is a hyperproliferative, autoimmune skin disorder. There are several therapeutic agents used topically and systemically, but they have adverse effects. It has been reported that beta-blockers intensify psoriatic plaque and decrease the concentration of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). In the psoriatic epidermis, the level of cAMP decreases. Caffeine is a methylxanthine that inhibits phosphodiesterase enzyme and results in a higher concentration of intracellular cAMP. Adding caffeine to topical skin treatments would be a simple way to reduce inflammation in patients with psoriasis. Furthermore, phenolic acids like chlorogenic acid (3-CQA) have recently gained substantial attention due to their various biological and pharmacological effects. Curcumin (dihydroferuloyl-methane) is a flavonoid that possesses anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antioxidative properties. Cell proliferation arrest is caused by curcumin and apoptosis is induced in several types of human and animal cells. Imiquimod‐induced murine psoriasis is most used animal models to study this disease, due to the usage of healthy mice. Xenotransplants of human psoriatic skin in immunodeficient mice were the first approach for the association of immunologic problems with the development of psoriasis and have been also useful for the evaluation of new therapeutic agents

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL FILM CONTAINING SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES OF RIVASTIGMINE TARTRATE

Objective: The objective of present investigation was to develop rivastigmine tartrate transdermal film employing factorial design.Methods: The formulations were designed by Design-Expert software-version10. A series of films were prepared by solvent casting method using polymers, plasticizer, permeation enhancer and other solvents. Transdermal films were evaluated for flatness, drug content, tensile strength, in vitro drug release and ex vivo skin permeation study.Results: The flatness was found 100% (percentage) for all film formulations. The drug content of transdermal film was found in the range of 96.51±0.2 to 98.81±0.3%. The tensile strength of transdermal film was found in the range of 6.28±0.06 to 11.56±0.03 N/mm2 (newton/millimeter2) and in vitro drug release at 24th h (hour) was found in the range of 86.24±0.25 to 96.1±0.48%% for various formulations and ex vivo skin permeation study results at 24th h was found in the range of 85.83±0.74 to 97.36±0.93%.Conclusion: These results support the feasibility of developing transdermal film of rivastigmine tartrate for human applications. Thus, transdermal delivery of rivastigmine tartrate film is a safe, painless and cost effective drug delivery system for Alzheimer's patients

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF NANOSPONGE LOADED TOPICAL HERBAL GEL OF WRIGHTIA TINCTORIA

Objective: Psoriasis is the most common chronic autoimmune disease. The main objective of the present study was to develop Nanosponge (NS) based Topical gels of Wrightia tinctoria extract using cross-linker and polymer by melting method. It is used in treating Psoriasis. Methods: Phytoconstituents present in the herbal extract were identified by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) studies. In vitro drug release and Entrapment Efficiency of all NS were determined. The optimized NS were incorporated in the gel to formulate nano topical gel. Evaluation studies like homogenicity, viscosity, spreadability, pH and In vitro studies were carried out for all gel formulations. Results: The prepared gels were transparent, had good viscosity and spreadability. SEM photographs confirmed that the prepared formulation were roughly spherical and porous in nature. In vitro diffusion studies showed drug release of 92.15% in 24 h. Conclusion: From this study it can be concluded that constituents responsible for treating psoriasis are present in the obtained extract and prepared NS based topical gel has significant effect in providing sustained drug release

DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: AN INCLUSIVE REVIEW ON CURRENT TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT APPROACHES

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication which occurs due to diabetes mellitus leading to loss of vision and hindering the quality of patient life by damaging the layer of retina at the posterior segment of the eye. According to the survey around 285 million peoples are suffering from visual loss out of these 65% of people are more than 50 years old and 82% of blind patients are more than 50 years old. The diseases that occur in the posterior segment of the eye like, cytomegalovirus retinitis, posterior uveitis, age related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy needs a novel delivery system that can improve the concentration of drugs that reaches posterior segment of the eye. The development of new drug delivery system gained more importance in the field of research in which nanotechnology is the most considered approach. The nanotechnology-based systems such as nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, niosomes, nanomicelles, nanoemulsions, nanogels, cyclodextrins, dendrimers, and quantum dots are developed as a new formulation for drug delivery. The rationale behind the nanoparticle systems is its ability to formulate a sustained, controlled release dosage form, painless, safe, non-invasive system to overcome the major barriers in the treatment of DR. Based on the nanoparticles, some approaches are exploited for more effective conveyance of drug toward the posterior segment. Thus, these advanced delivery systems progress the therapeutic efficacy of the drug and patient's obedience and life quality. In this review, the new therapeutic treatments and their managements were discussed and methods of drug delivery to reach the posterior segment of eye

DIABETES MELLITUS TREATMENT: A RAPID REVIEW ON INNOVATIVE THERAPIES

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and metabolic disorder which results from defects in a section of insulin, action of insulin, or both. Primarily drugs are used to control the symptoms and save life. Secondary aims are to prevent long-term diabetic complications and by eliminating various risk factors to increase longevity. In type I diabetes mellitus, new innovative therapies such as pancreatic transplantation, pancreatic islet transplantation, stem cell therapy, transdifferentiation, and gene therapy are discussed, and regarding type II diabetes mellitus, treatment is based on drugs which stimulates the secretion of insulin such as conventional therapy, antihypoglycemic agents such as insulin, insulin secretagogues, and insulin sensitizers, α-glucosidase inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and a list of patents for the treatment of diabetes mellitus are discussed in this review article

VALIDATION OF WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM

Objective: Validation of water treatment systems is required to achieve water with all preferred quality attributes. This also delivers a circumstantial to establish a total control over the process which screens efficacy, safety, and ultimately, the process outcomes. The goal of steering validation is to establish that a process when operated within established limits, yields a product of reliable and definite quality with a high degree of assurance.Methods: The current work is an effort to deliberate several aspects of validation comprising different approaches, machineries of water purification systems, equipment qualifications, performance testing phases, microbial and chemical analysis of water samples, documentation, and post-validationmonitoring. Mainly the validation is done for new water plants in pharmaceutical industry.Results and Discussion: Sampling of water was carried out after each step in the purification process, and the results were found within limits.Conclusion: Water purification systems must be operated in the interior regulatory guidelines as with pharmaceutical manufacture facilities.Successful achievement of validation is confirmed by various testing phases. Usually, a three-phase testing approach is recommended over an extendedperiod to prove reliability and robustness of the system for producing water of specified quality with a high degree of assurance.Keywords: Validation, Water purification systems, Quality attributes,Pharmaceutical manufacture facilities, Microbial and chemical analysis

EVALUATION OF PROCESS CAPABILITY IN MANUFACTURE OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE TABLETS 10 MG

Background of the Study: A Process Capability Study is a formal procedure for undertaking a systematic investigation to reliably assess a process ability to consistently meet a specific requirement. Its indices are to measure the inherent variability of a process and thus to reflect its performance.Objective: The present study describes the evaluation of Process capability in the manufacture of Anti-hypertensive tablets 10 mg.Materials and Methods: This project focuses on Process Capability Study that had been applied in Pharmaceutical industry which includes selection of critical parameters, data collection, study on process capability and data evaluation. In this process capability study the critical process parameters were identified and evaluated by challenging its lower and upper release specifications. Here many statistical process control tools along with Minitab-16 software were used to find the capability of this manufacturing process.Results and Discussion: The discovered results for Ppk (Process performance index), tolerance limit and Standard deviation (overall) are 2.25, 40 and 2.949, which advocates that the process meets the criteria required for capability. Process capability ensures that processes are fit for industry company specification while reduce the process variation and important in achieving product quality characteristic. This capability study should be employed in the industry before the batch is made commercial. It acts as a cost effective approach that can reduce the time taken for inspection.Conclusion: In this research work the current capability of the process is predicted and the process is found to be capable.Keywords: Process capability, Specifications, Critical parameters

Development and validation of a UPLC-MS method for determination of atazanavir sulfate by the “analytical quality by design” approach

A UPLC-MS method for the estimation of atazanavir sulfate was developed using the “analytical quality by design” approach. The critical chromatographic quality attributes identified were retention time, theoretical plates and peak tailing. The critical method parameters established were percent of organic modifier, flow rate and injection volume. Optimization performed using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) established 10 % organic modifier, 0.4 mL min–1 flow rate and 6-µL injection volume as the optimum method conditions. Atazanavir sulfate eluted at 5.19 min without any interference. Method validation followed international guidelines. The method has proven linearity in the range of 10–90 µg mL–1. Recovery was between 100.2–101.0 % and precision within the accepted limits (RSD 0.2–0.7 %). LOD and LOQ were 2.68 and 8.14 µg mL–1, resp. Stress testing stability studies showed atazanavir sulfate to degrade under acidic and basic conditions. The suggested technique is simple, rapid and sustainable.It is, therefore, suggested for routine analysis of atazanavir sulfate

FORMULATION OF IMMEDIATE RELEASE (IR) ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM PELLETS AND SUSTAINED RELEASE (SR) GLIBENCLAMIDE FOR FIXED-DOSE COMBINATION DOSAGE FORM

Objective: The objective of the present research was to develop fixed-dose combinations for the treatment of dyslipidemia, associated with type-II diabetes mellitus for improvement of glucose tolerance.Methods: Multiple unit pellet systems (MUPSs) consisting immediate release atorvastatin calcium pellets and sustained release glibenclamide were formulated by spheronization technique. The characterization of formulated pellets was done by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies, and formulated pellets were evaluated for solubility, viscosity, pH, and in vitro studies.Results: From FT-IR and DSC studies, it was confirmed that no chemical interaction existed between the drug and the natural polymers used. Solubility of glibenclamide was found to be 4.38 and 18.24 and atorvastatin calcium was found to be 6.84, 214.67, and 287.43 g/L. The viscosity of 1% w/v of locust bean gum, guar gum, and ghatti gum was found to be 169 cP, 124 cP, and 31 cP in distilled water. The pH of locust bean gum, guar gum, and gum ghatti solutions was found to be 5.6±0.49, 5.2±0.27, and 4.7±0.51. The in vitro studies suggested that glibenclamide pellets had shown a sustained release till 12 h, while atorvastatin calcium had shown immediate release of drug due to rapid disintegration of pellets.Conclusion: Thus, MUPS can be considered as an alternative approach to treat diabetes induced dyslipidemia