Phytochemical and Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of Herbal Gel Prepared from Bark Extract of Mesua Ferrea Linn

The present research work involves formulation of herbal gel containing stem bark extracts of Mesua ferrea Linn and its evaluation for in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. The gel formulations were prepared using ethanolic extracts along with different polymer. The physiochemical parameters of formulations like; pH, viscosity and spreadability etc. also evaluated. Phytochemical analysis revealed presence of phenols, flavonoids and alkaloids, etc. The ethanolic extracts showed appreciable anti-inflammatory activity compared to the standard drug. Study confirmed that potential anti-inflammatory formulation can be developed from bark extract of Mesua ferrea Linn.   Keywords: Mesua ferrea Linn., Anti-inflammatory, Herbal Gel, Phytochemical, Albumin denaturation

Protective effect of Centella asiatica against D-galactose and aluminium chloride induced rats: behavioral and ultrastructural approaches

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the commonest cause of dementia among the aged people. D-galactose (D-gal) is a senescence agent, while aluminium is a known neurotoxin linked to pathogenesis of AD. The combined administration of rats with d-gal and aluminium chloride (AlCl3) is considered to be an easy and a cheap method to obtain an animal model of AD. The plant Centella asiatica (CA) is reported to exert neuroprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, this study explored the protective effects of CA on cognition and brain ultrastructure in d-gal and AlCl3 induced rats. Materials and methods: Rats were exposed to d-gal 60 mg/kg/b.wt/day + AlCl3 200 mg/kg/b.wt/day and CA (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg/b.wt/day) and 1 mg/kg/b.wt/day of donepezil for 70 days. Different cognitive paradigms viz. T maze spontaneous alternation, modified elevated plus maze and novel object recognition test, were used to evaluate full lesions of the hippocampus, spatial learning and memory and non-spatial learning and memory respectively. Nissl’s staining was used to determine the survival of hippocampus CA1 pyramidal cells, while transmission electron microscopy was used to check the ultrastructural changes. Results: The results revealed that d-gal and AlCl3 could significantly impair behavior and cognitive functions, besides causing damage to the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in rats. In addition, it also caused ultrastructural morphological alterations in rat hippocampus. Conversely, co-administration o;f CA, irrespective of the dosage used, alleviated the cognitive impairments and pathological changes in the rats comparable to donepezil. Conclusion: In conclusion the results suggest that CA could protect cognitive impairments and morphological alterations caused by d-gal and AlCl3 toxicity in rats. Biochemical and molecular studies are ongoing to elucidate the probable pharmacodynamics of CA

A comparison of dexmedetomidine (0.25mcg/kg) and clonidine(1mcg/kg) to attenuate stress response during laryngoscopy and intubation

Background: Direct Laryngoscopy And Intubation Are Very Powerful Stimuli Which Leads To Increased Sympathetic Stimulation Resulting In Tachycardia And Hypertension .This response May Be Fatal In High Risk Patients And Can Be Blunted By Appropriate Premedication .The Aim Of This Study Was To Compare Dexmedetomidine 0.25mcg/Kg And Clonidine 1mcg /Kg As A Premedication To Blunt The Haemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy And Intubation. Methods:100 Adult Patients Of Asa I & II Between 20 To 60 Years Of Age Of Either Sex, Divided Into 2 Groups ,50 Patient In Each Group.Group 1- Received 1 Mcg/Kg Clonidine And Group-II Received 0.25mcg/Kg Of Dexmedetomidine. Haemodynamic Parameters Were Noted Before Induction ,After Induction After Laryngoscopy And Intubation And After 5 Min. Of Laryngoscopy And Intubation. Result: In Our Study Haemodynamic Parameters Indicating Sympathetic Responses Like Hr, Sbp,Dbp ,Map All Incresed During Laryngoscopy And Intubation. Premedication With Clonidine 1mcg/Kg and Dexmedetomidine 0.25mcg/Kg Reduced The Increased Haemodynamic Response But Attenuation Was More With 0.25 Mcg/Kg Dexmedetomidine Group As Compared To Clonidine 1mcg/Kg Group Which Was Significant (P<0.005). Conclusion: We Conclude That Intravenous Dexmedetomidine 0.25 Mcg/Kg Significantly Reduces The Haemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy And Intubation As Compared To Intravenous Clonidine 1 Mcg./K

Correlation of Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio with the severity of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A cross sectional study

Introduction: COPD is the major explanation for mortality and morbidity worldwide.COPD not only affect the lungs and airways but also affect the other part of the body [1].Pulmonary function test (PFT) has been used traditionally for diagnosis and prognosisof Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but there are some limitations of PFT. Therefore, it requires to aid some biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of COPD. NLR (Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio) can play a potential role in the assessment and prognosis of COPD because it is easily available, low cost, and not difficult to calculate. Enough evidence is available related to systemic inflammation and rise in NLR, like in various diseases such as acute coronary syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, and critically ill patients. Objective:We are investigating the effectiveness of NLR in assessing the severity of COPD. Materials and methods:This study was a cross-sectional observational study. It included 57 COPD patients based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. All patients were subjected to routine investigations i.e.- Complete Hemogram, Kidney Function Test, Liver Function Test, Blood Sugar Level, Serum Electrolyte, ECG, X-Ray Chest, 2d echo, ABG, PFT, and TFT.Result : Nineteen patients were found to have grade 1COPD; 20 patients grade 2 and 18 patients were of grade 3 of gold stage criteria of COPD. The mean NLR value are 2.79 ± 0.8, 3.11 ± 0.76, 2.9 ±0.77 respectively, (p > 0.05). Spearman rank correlation coefficient indicated non-significant correlation of NLR with grade of severity of COPD patients (p>0.05).Conclusion : The study has revealed there is no correlation between rise in NLR and severity of COPD. SoNLR ratio cannot serve as a marker to detect the severity of COPD. However, NLR can predict the infection and exacerbation of COPD which is an established fact

Change in Requirement of Propofol During Subsequent Sessions of Intracavitary Brachytherapy Applications

Cancer cervix patients need intracavitary brachytherapy as a treatment modality for which sedation is needed. Usually each patient requires 4 cycles. Propofol dose requirement was studied in subsequent cycles to see any increase in dose as the cycle progresses. Materials and Methods: After approval of the hospital ethical committee, 60 American Society of Anaesthesiology (ASA) I and II patients were studied for change in their haemodynamic variables and Propofol doses to maintain the sedation level at Modified Ramsay Sedation Score (MRSS) of 8 which is required for brachytherapy procedure. Results: There was no statistically significant change in a haemodynamic variables over subsequent cycles. The Propofol doses initially decreased but then increased to near previous doses only to maintain MRSS of 8. Conclusion: On the basis of present study we concluded that average Propofol doses did not increase in subsequent cycles to maintain the appropriate sedation level for the procedure

The Resurgence of 3D printing: As a tool in advance medical education: 3D printing tool in advance medical education

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive understanding of how to take the best advantage of three-dimensional (3D) printing in medical education in favor to increase the medical student's ability to provide out-of-the-box medical care for unexpected challenges in clinical competencies. Is there a need to purchase a 3D printer in each medical college? With changing needs, educational advancements, and technological revolutions, we need to update the method of imparting knowledge and skills to medical students.3D printing is one of them, a strategy to facilitate active learning. Studying the literature by searching articles in PubMed related to the implementation of 3D printed models in different subjects of the MBBS undergraduate curriculum, we found that there has been the creation of multiple models in every field of medical science. The designing of a 3D model allows the student to study from multiple angles and find the solution to medical problems, cut down operating time, surgical planning, enhancing motor skill, no ethical issue, decreasing the cadaveric dissection, help in understanding the physiological process, etc. Concerning the limited use of the living cells as a material in bioprinting is a challenging but promising area to continue to explore. (Total words -193

Cardiac rhythm disturbances in patients of COPD and it’s correlation with its severity

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is defined as a disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible”.The global prevalence of physiologically defined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (GOLD stage 2 or more) in adults aged ≥40 years is approximately 9-10 percent. Large prospective and retrospective studies of COPD patients showed that the most common causes of their demise were cardiovascular events. Patients suffering from the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The information on various cardiac rhythm disturbances on Holter monitoring is scarce in COPD patients. Objectives:The purpose of this study was to evaluate various cardiac rhythm disturbances in COPD patients and to correlate cardiac rhythm disturbances with the severity of COPD. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective observational study which was conducted on 57 COPD patients, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria all the study population were subjected to Pulmonary function test and 24-hour Holter monitoring. Results: 22.81% of the patients were found to have some kind of arrhythmia. The Atrial premature complex was the most common type of arrhythmia. In this study, we have found arrhythmias in a significant number of patients.Conclusion: As the severity of COPD increases, the frequency of arrhythmia also increases. This was statistically significant (0.017).The clinical inference is that timely management of factors,such as hypoxia,coronary artery disease, and avoidance of arrhythmogenic drugswhich can trigger arrhythmias in COPD patients,can considerably reduce mortality in such patients

Pantoea dispersa: an unusual cause of neonatal sepsis

Neonatal septicemia is the most important cause of neonatal mortality. A wide variety of bacteria both aerobic and anaerobic can cause neonatal sepsis. Genus Pantoea is a member of Enterobacteriaceae family that inhabits plants, soil and water and rarely causes human infections, however, Pantoea dispersa has not been reported as a causative organism for neonatal sepsis. We hereby report two neonates with early onset sepsis caused by Pantoea dispersa. Early detection and appropriate antibiotic therapy can improve overall outcome of this rare infection in neonates

Multidimensional Medicinal uses of Bioactive Molecules obtained from Plants, Animals & Microorganisms

20-26Bioactive molecules are the chemicals present in living systems, which are known for their diversified uses in the society. The beneficial attributes of biologically active molecules in the development of new drugs have been known since time immemorial and are still being searched. After the isolation of penicillin from the bacterium Penicillium notatum in 1939, various diverse types of organisms, including plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms like bacteria have attracted the attention of scientists to contribute towards this search. Albeit the microorganisms were ignored previously, but now-a-days these are intensively being studied and their secondary metabolites are being used for drug preparation on a large scale. These natural products are the most successful source of drug as they offer opportunities for finding novel low molecular weight structures, which are active against a wide range of assay targets. The important aspects of chemicals in living systems, their occurrence, isolation and identification are of immense value for their role in society over the ages. The most interesting aspect of biologically active molecules is that the knowledge of macromolecular structure and the modes of action of these biologically active small molecules can be exploited in designing new molecules with potent biological activity (i.e., the drugs). The principal natural products with target molecules include brevetoxins, oligosaccharides, enediyne anticancer agents, DNA-interacting molecules, cholesterol-lowering compounds, taxoids, antibiotics, and anti-AIDS and other bioactive molecules. Likewise, secondary metabolites like macrolides, alkaloids, terpenes are also being isolated from the living organisms and are used in combating several dreaded fatal diseases, even cancer. More interestingly, secondary metabolites of bacterial, fungal and marine origin are being intensively studied, besides plants and animals. In the present review paper, beneficial aspects of various bioactive molecules present in plants, animals and microorganisms have been reviewed. In this context, it is more important and interesting that the secondary metabolites derived from bacteria, fungi and marine organisms are also being studied besides those obtained from plants and animals. Alkaloids (which include opiate and tropane), hallucinogens, taxol and digitalis are most important among these. Remarkable progress has also been reported in the field of manufacturing of medicine from bioactive molecules by isolating them from Rauwolfia, Pyote, Podophyllum, Taxus (common yew tree). In the same stream, bioactive molecules present in animals are also being researched and the bioactive molecules present in these animals, especially insects, arc being extensively exploited for their medicinal value. The animals of this category include maggots of some special varieties of flies, honeybee, blister beetle, bed hugs, etc. Useful bioactive molecules have also been characterized in microorganisms, especially myxobacteria. Also known as gliding bacteria, these bacteria are in fact soil bacteria which make fruiting bodies. Likewise, various bio molecules with new structures, such as ratjadones, sorangicines, soraphenes, epothiones, etc. are being isolated from these extraordinary bacteria and their use in the synthesis of medicines is increasing day-by-day. Among these, epothiones are most effectively being used in the treatment of cancer. Thus understanding the multifaceted uses of the bioactive molecules isolated from plants, animals and microorganisms, several research institutes of India, which is rich in biodiversity, are carrying out extensive research , but more attention is needed and possibilities are broad and bright. Given in the present paper is an overview of the beneficial aspects of various bioactive molecules present in plants, animals and microorganisms. In this context, it is more important and interesting that the secondary metabolites derived from bacteria, fungi and marine organisms are also being studied besides those obtained from plants and animals. Alkaloids (which include opiate and tropane), hallucinogens, taxol and digitalis are most important among these. Remarkable progress has also been reported in the field of manufacturing of medicine from bioactive molecules by isolating them from Rauwolfia, Pyote, Podophyllum, and Taxus, Likewise, bioactive molecules present in animals are, of late, also being researched extensively. The bioactive molecules present in animals, especially insects, are being gainfully exploited for their medicinal value. The animals of this category include maggots of some special varieties of flies, honeybee, blister beetle, bed bugs, etc. Useful bioactive molecules have also been characterized in microorganisms, especially myxobacteria. Also known as gliding bacteria, they are, in fact, soil bacteria, which make fruiting bodies. Similary, various bioactive molecules with new structures, such as ratjadones, sorangicines, soraphenes, epothiones, etc. are being isolated from these extraordinary bacteria and their use in the synthesis of medicines is increasing day-by-day. Among these, epothiones are most effectively being used in the treatment of cancer. Thus, exploiting country's rich biodiversity, research efforts, with focussed attention, are being intensified for isolating and understanding the multifarious uses of bioactive molecules derived from plants, animals and microorganisms, in India. The scope is unlimited and possibilities are enormous