1,768 research outputs found

    Greenhouse gas emissions from and storm impacts on wastewater treatment plants : process modelling and control

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    Cette thĂšse Ă©tudie l'interaction entre les stations d’épuration (STEP) et le changement climatique: soit en premier lieu la production ainsi que les Ă©missions de gaz Ă  effet de serre (GES), en particulier le protoxyde d’azote (N2O), gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© Ă  la STEP et en second lieu l’effet des pluies plus intenses dues aux changements climatiques sur la STEP. Des campagnes de mesure sur le terrain et la modĂ©lisation Ă  Ă©chelle rĂ©elle ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es conjointement dans cette recherche. Une campagne de mesure d'une durĂ©e d’un mois a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e dans une STEP traitant les eaux usĂ©es de 750,000 Ă©quivalents habitants, soit la STEP d’Eindhoven aux Pays-Bas. Des capteurs en ligne ont Ă©tĂ© installĂ©s dans la zone d'aĂ©ration du biorĂ©acteur. Une usine virtuelle de grande Ă©chelle, soit la STEP dĂ©crit par le Benchmark Simulation Model No.2 (BSM2), ainsi qu’une usine rĂ©elle de grande Ă©chelle, soit la STEP d’Eindhoven aux Pays-Bas, Ă©taient incluses dans cette Ă©tude. Dans les deux cas, les modĂšles ont Ă©tĂ© modifiĂ©s afin de prendre en compte les GES, en particulier la production de N2O. Deux modĂšles de boues activĂ©es (ASM) ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s, soit l’ASMG1 et l’ASMG2d. En plus de la conversion de N2O par les bactĂ©ries hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes, les deux modĂšles sont en mesure de simuler la production de N2O par la dĂ©nitrification catalysĂ©e par les bactĂ©ries oxydant l'ammoniac (AOB). Les modĂšles dĂ©crivent aussi l'effet de l’oxygĂšne dissous (OD) sur la cinĂ©tique de production de N2O par les AOB grĂące Ă  une modification de la cinĂ©tique d’Haldane. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que les AOB produisent beaucoup de N2O tandis que les hĂ©tĂ©rotrophes en consomment considĂ©rablement. Les Ă©missions de N2O augmentent lorsque les concentrations de NH4+ sont Ă©levĂ©es et que les concentrations d’OD sont modĂ©rĂ©es (jusqu’à 2.5 mg O2/l dans cette Ă©tude). Ces conditions peuvent avoir Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă©es par le contrĂŽle en cascade de NH4+-OD qui vise Ă  rĂ©duire la consommation d'Ă©nergie en diminuant les concentrations d'OD lorsque la concentration de NH4+ est suffisamment faible. En outre, ce contrĂŽleur en cascade est une stratĂ©gie de rĂ©troaction Ă  gain faible. C'est-Ă -dire, un retard significatif se produit entre la dĂ©tection d'une augmentation de NH4+ et l'accroissement de l'aĂ©ration. Toutes ces propriĂ©tĂ©s produisent des conditions favorables Ă  la production de N2O par les bactĂ©ries AOB. DiffĂ©rents scĂ©narios alternatifs ainsi que des stratĂ©gies de contrĂŽle ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s selon la qualitĂ© de l'effluent, le coĂ»t d’opĂ©ration et les Ă©missions de GES. Dans le cadre de BSM2, un bon Ă©quilibre entre la qualitĂ© de l'effluent, le coĂ»t d’opĂ©ration et les Ă©missions de GES a Ă©tĂ© obtenu avec Ă  la mise en Ɠuvre d'un contrĂŽleur rĂ©troactif pur de l’OD sur la premiĂšre zone d'aĂ©ration et d’un contrĂŽleur en cascade de NH4+-DO sur les deux zones d'aĂ©ration suivantes et en utilisant soit une stratĂ©gie d'alimentation Ă©tagĂ©e ou le contrĂŽle du recyclage des boues afin de gĂ©rer les pics de dĂ©bits. Mots-clĂ©s: Traitement des eaux usĂ©es par boues activĂ©es, contrĂŽle de procĂ©dĂ©, campagne de mesures en terrain, modĂ©lisation mathĂ©matique Ă  Ă©chelle grandeur rĂ©elle, gaz Ă  effet de serre, protoxyde d’azote, temps de pluie.This PhD thesis studied the interaction between wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and climate change, i.e. the production and emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), especially nitrous oxide (N2O), from WWTPs and the effect of the climate change induced more intense rain events on WWTPs. Both field measurements and full-scale modelling were pursued in this research. A one-month measurement campaign was performed by installing on-line sensors at the aeration zone of the bioreactor of a 750,000 person equivalents WWTP, i.e. the Eindhoven WWTP in the Netherlands. The models of a full-scale virtual plant, i.e. the Benchmark Simulation Model No.2 (BSM2), and a full-scale real plant, i.e. the Eindhoven WWTP in the Netherlands, were extended with respect to GHG emissions, especially the pathways involving N2O. Two types of extended Activated Sludge Models (ASM) were developed, i.e. ASMG1 for COD/N removal and ASMG2d for COD/N/P removal. Besides heterotrophic N2O production, both proposed models include N2O production by nitrite denitrification by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and describe the DO effect on AOB N2O production by a modified Haldane kinetics term. Results showed that AOB are the major producer of N2O while the heterotrophs consume N2O considerably. The high N2O emissions occurred under high NH4+ and intermediate DO concentrations (up to 2.5 mg O2/l in this work). Such conditions can be created by NH4+-DO cascade control which aims at reducing energy consumption by lowering the DO concentrations when the NH4+ concentration is sufficiently low. Moreover, this cascade controller is a low-gain feedback control strategy, i.e. a significant delay will occur between the detection of a NH4+ increase and the increase in aeration. All these properties lead to conditions favourable to N2O production by AOB. Different alternative scenarios and control strategies were compared in terms of effluent quality, operational cost and GHG emissions. In the framework of BSM2, a good balance among effluent quality, operational cost and GHG emissions was realized by implementing a pure DO feedback controller in the first aeration zone and a NH4+-DO cascade controller in the following two aeration zones and using either step feed or sludge recycling control to deal with hydraulic shocks. Keywords: Activated sludge, wastewater treatment, process control, field measurements, full-scale mathematical modelling, greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide, wet weather conditions

    Distributed OSN Crawling System based on Ajax Simulation

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    AbstractIn the age of Web2.0, lots of online social networks (OSNs) like Facebook, Twitter, WeiBo become the most popular information transform platform, which catch more and more attention from Information Retrieval (IR). However, traditional web crawling System get into trouble because of the complicated OSN web pages, the rapid message exploding and the heavy using of Asynchronous JavaScript and XML(AJAX). We design and implement a distributed system based on Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) and Ajax simulation, which crawls 70 millions of Twitter detail items in one month. The data Acquisition shows that the crawling with Ajax simulation is able to get items loaded by Ajax without limitations, the distributed system based on MOM and Ajax simulation is able to crawl massive OSN data completely, quickly, frequently and unrestrictedly

    GPU-accelerated subgraph enumeration on partitioned graphs

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    Ministry of Education, Singapore under its Academic Research Funding Tier

    Probing Higgs CPCP properties at the CEPC

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    In the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC), a measurement of the Higgs CPCP mixing through e+e−→ZH→Ό+Ό−H(→bbˉ/ccˉ/gg)e^{+} e^{-} \rightarrow Z H \rightarrow \mu^{+} \mu^{-} H(\rightarrow b \bar{b} / c \bar{c} / g g) process is presented, with $5.6\ \mbox{ab}^{-1} e^{+} e^{-}collisiondataatthecenter−of−massenergyof collision data at the center-of-mass energy of 240\ \mathrm{GeV}.Inthisstudy,the. In this study, the CP−violatingparameter-violating parameter \hat{\alpha}_{A \tilde{Z}}isconstrainedbetweentheregionof is constrained between the region of -8.27\times 10^{-2}and and 8.09 \times 10^{-2}and and \hat{\alpha}_{Z \tilde{Z}}between between -2.15 \times 10^{-2}and and 2.02 \times 10^{-2}at at 95\%confidencelevel.ThisstudydemonstratesthegreatpotentialofprobingHiggs confidence level. This study demonstrates the great potential of probing Higgs CP$ properties at the CEPC
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