Understanding the Environmental Distribution and Potential Health Risks of Pollutants from Deodorant Products: A Review

Deodorants are frequently used personal care products; however, questions have been raised concerning their possible toxicity to cause air and water pollution, and their potential impact on human health. The degree to which deodorant ingredients, such as fragrance chemicals, antibacterial compounds, aluminium compounds, and preservatives, are toxic depends on their chemical composition. Many of these chemicals have been connected to adverse health effects, such as skin rashes, allergic reactions, endocrine disruption, and respiratory problems. Understanding these chemicals’ toxicity is crucial for determining any potential risks to human health. Spray formulations have the potential to release volatile organic compounds into the air, such as propellants and fragrance chemicals, which can be harmful to human respiratory health and lead to indoor and outdoor air pollution. Improper disposal and wastewater treatment can lead to the contamination of water bodies, potentially impacting aquatic ecosystems and human water supplies. This review provides an overview of the toxicity of deodorant ingredients in various formulations, including sprays, roll-ons, and sticks. The partition coefficients Log Kaw (air-water partition coefficient), Log Koa (airorganic carbon partition coefficient), and Log Kow (octanol-water partition coefficient), values of deodorant ingredients were summarized for assessing their potential for long-range transport, persistence in the environment, and bioaccumulation in organisms

Process Optimization of Deep Eutectic Solvent Pretreatment of Coffee Husk Biomass

The increased processing of coffee beans has generated huge amount of coffee husk, which are improperly disposed. Inappropriate disposal of coffee husk has led to release of toxic compounds to the environment causing serious environmental concerns. To mitigate the impact of improperly disposed coffee husk, it is suggested for valorisation of the coffee husk. Hence, this study has focussed on identifying the potential of coffee husk in maximizing the sugar yield from it which can be converted to value added product. Deep eutectic solvent (DES) involving choline chloride and lactic acid (ChCl:LA) mixed at 1:4 molar ratio was studied to investigate the effect of DES pretreatment on coffee husk to produce reducing sugar in the hydrolysis process. Pretreatment conditions of the biomass were optimized for biomass loading (5-20%, w/w), temperature (70-120 °C), and duration (60-240 min) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for obtaining maximum yield of reducing sugar. The RSM model predicted an optimal pretreatment condition of biomass loading with 20% (w/w), pretreated at 120 °C for 231.80 min to achieve maximum sugar yield (30.522%). The pretreatment effect on biomass composition was analyzed using the Van Soest method, which showed an increase in the cellulose content along with the hemicellulose removal when compared with the native biomass. Moreover, evaluation of chemical structural changes also confirmed the effectiveness of DES pretreatment. Thus, the current study would illustrate the potential of coffee husk to produce value-added compounds from it

Optimization of Organosolv Pretreatment with Acid Catalyst to Enhance Enzymatic Saccharification of Corn Husk

Due to awareness of global warming and the devastation of environmental resources, the management of agricultural residues after each harvesting season has been integrated into the biorefining process to increase its value and mitigate environmental pollution caused by burning or combustion. This research focuses on the process development to utilize agricultural biomass residues for renewable energy production in the form of bioethanol. The study employed organosolv pretreatment with sulfuric acid as a catalyst to promote the enzymatic conversion of corn husk into reducing sugars. To determine the optimal conditions for the process, a one-factor-at-a-time method was initially employed to assess the influence of temperature (80-140 ºC), time (40-60 min), and sulfuric acid concentration (0.01-0.5% w/w). Subsequently, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was conducted based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD) to identify the optimal pretreatment conditions. The predicted optimal pretreatment conditions were found to be 135.4 ºC, 57 min, and 0.46% w/w, resulting in a reducing sugar yield of 20.69% with a margin of error of 1.2%. Additionally, biomass composition analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed to decipher the mechanism of organosolv pretreatment on enzymatic saccharification. This study demonstrated the potential of corn husk as an alternative raw material for the production of value-added products like bioethanol. The obtained reducing sugars serve as vital substrates for the fermentation process required to produce bioethanol as an alternative fuel to meet the target of sustainable development goals (SDGs)

Hydrothermal liquefaction of residues of Cocos nucifera (coir and pith) using subcritical water: Process optimization and product characterization

The effects of time (10–60 min) and temperature (250–350°C) on TOCcrude and biochar yields from coir and pith through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process was investigated. The parameters were optimized for minimum biochar and maximum total organic carbon (TOC) in aqueous crude using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal time and temperature for HTL of coir and pith were 35 min, 302°C, and 35.2 min, 300°C, respectively. Higher biomass conversion and bio-oil yield of 87.34%, 83.76% and 34.6%, 32.72%, was observed for coir and pith, respectively. The biochar yield for coir and pith was reduced from 40 to 12.66% and 34–16.24%. The oxygen and carbon content in the HTL products such as heavy bio-oil (HBO), light bio-oil (LBO) were lower and higher increasing the High Heating Value (HHV), respectively. The HHV of HBO, and LBO for coir and pith were 31 MJ/kg, 22 MJ/kg and 28 MJ/kg, 19 MJ/kg, respectively. The GC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the oil was a mixture of compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amines, amides, esters, ethers, phenols, and their derivatives. Therefore, the conversion of coir and pith to bio-oil can be effectively achieved through the HTL process. © 202

Recovery of Reducing Sugar from Food Waste: Optimization of Pretreatment Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology

Renewable energy sources, environmental pollution and climate change have been the main focus of research nowadays. Increase in energy demand and pollution and consequent depletion of fossil fuel reserve have forced scientists to look for alternative source of energy. Bioethanol is the most promising replacement fuel for petrol. The advantage of bioethanol is low Green House Gas (GHG) emission and high octane number. Traditionally, bioethanol is generated from sugar-rich crops like corn, sugarcane, beetroot etc., which are considered as first-generation sources. The second-generation sources of bioethanol constitute agricultural residues, municipal and industrial wastes, energy deficit crops etc. This study focuses on bioethanol synthesis from food waste, one of the major constituents of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). As per estimations, more than 55 million tons of municipal solid waste is generated in India per year; the yearly rise is assessed to be about 5%. About 50% of the MSW is due to organic waste. Carbohydrates, proteins and starch are the main constituents of food waste. Reducing sugars are the building unit of carbohydrates and starch in food. The main objective of this study is to increase the recovery of reducing sugar from food waste using different pretreatment methods and simultaneously optimizing the conditions using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a statistical tool. Characteristics of food waste such as pH, total solids, volatile solids, total organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, and total sugar were determined using standard procedures. Dilute sulphuric acid (0.5–2.5% v/v), sodium hydroxide (1–3.5% w/v), and hydrogen peroxide (0.5–3.5% v/v) were used as pre-treatment reagents. Strength of the reagents and time of autoclaving (0–60 min) were varied. Temperature and pressure of 121 °C and 1 bar, respectively, were kept constant during the pretreatment. Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to obtain optimum conditions for recovery of reducing sugar from food waste. Reducing sugar concentration in the hydrolysate after each experimental run was determined using 3, 5 Dinitrosalicylic acid method. The highest yield of reducing sugar—0.67 g/g of food waste was observed using 1.5% (v/v) dilute sulphuric acid as pre-treatment reagent and 30 min of autoclaving. Sodium hydroxide yielded a maximum reducing sugar of 0.129 g/g of food waste and Hydrogen peroxide produced a maximum yield of 0.37 g/g of food waste

Sequential acid hydrolysis and enzymatic saccharification of coconut coir for recovering reducing sugar: Process evaluation and optimization

Sulphuric acid hydrolysis of coconut coir under case I (time: 2–10 min; temperature: 160–240 °C; acid concentration: 0.2–0.7% w/w) and case II (time: 10–60 min; temperature: 100–160 °C; acid concentration: 0.7–2% w/w) was studied. The optimal conditions for maximum recovery of reducing sugar for case I and case II were 8.2 min, 200 °C, and 0.21% w/w acid; and 13 min, 155 °C, and 1.27% w/w acid. Under these conditions, 52% and 48% of reducing sugar were recovered. Enzymatic saccharification was performed after hydrolysis using cellulase and β-glucosidase enzymes. Glucose yields of 90% and 55% were obtained in case I and case II, respectively. Changes in structure and functional groups in solid were observed when studied using SEM, XRD, and FTIR. The aromatic layer was removed in case I and cellulose layer was exposed. Crystallinity increased from 42 to 54% in case I and from 42 to 45% in case II

Ethanol Production from Acid Pretreated Food Waste Hydrolysate Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 74D694 and Optimizing the Process Using Response Surface Methodology

Ethanol production from acid pretreated food waste hydrolysate using immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae 74D694 was investigated under different conditions in a batch experiment. Ethanol yield was measured at different time intervals (38, 48, 72, 96 and 105 h) using different immobilized bead ratios (25:100, 30:100, 40:100, 50:100 and 54:100, w/v). Food waste was pretreated using dilute sulphuric acid and the hydrolysate was filtered. The dry food waste had an initial reducing sugar content of 46% (w/w). After dilute acid pretreatment, reducing sugar content increased to 62%. The present study utilized liquid hydrolysate for ethanol production. The process was optimized using central composite design (CCD) a statistical tool used for optimization in response surface methodology (RSM). RSM predicted a maximum ethanol yield of 0.044 g/g of soluble solid in liquid hydrolysate at 40 h fermentation time and immobilized bead ratio of 54:100 (w/v). An experiment was run at the optimal condition and an ethanol yield of 0.047 g/g of soluble solid in liquid hydrolysate was obtained. The predicted result was thus experimentally verified

RSM Based Modelling for Mineral and Organic Acid Pretreatment of Coconut Pith using High Pressure Batch Reactor (HPBR)

Attempts have been made in this study to recover reducing sugar from coconut pith by pretreating the pith with a mineral acid (sulphuric acid) and an organic acid (oxalic acid). Pretreatment was carried out in a high pressure batch reactor (HPBR). Biomass loading, reaction time, temperature and acid concentration were chosen as operating parameters. Response Surface Method (RSM) was used to determine the optimum condition. When 87 mg / ml of biomass was treated with 7.56% (w/w) oxalic acid at $134^{\circ}\mathrm {C}$ for 35 min, 62% reducing sugar was recovered. On the other hand, a recovery of 62% reducing sugar was observed when 79 mg/ml of biomass loading with 2.01% (w/w) sulphuric acid was treated at $127^{\circ}\mathrm {C}$ for 50 min. In summary, considering the acid concentration, it was found that pretreatment of oxalic acid is effective for recovering reducing sugars from coconut pith In addition, 33% of glucose yield was observed in the enzymatic saccharification of the oxalic acid pretreated solids in 96 h. In order to investigate morphological changes before and after pretreatment, pith was examined using FTIR, XRD, SEM

Dilute inorganic acid pretreatment of mixed residues of Cocos nucifera (coconut) for recovery of reducing sugar: optimization studies

Inorganic acids, such as sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid are widely used for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for bioenergy production. In this study, the effect of different acids on the recovery of reducing sugar from coconut residues (coir and pith) mixed in different ratios was studied. The pretreatment conditions for different acids were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The independent variables, such as biomass ratio, time and acid concentration were considered for the optimization studies with reducing sugar as the dependent variable. The maximum recovery of reducing sugar (45%) from mixed biomass was observed during nitric acid (NA) pretreatment. The recovery of reducing sugar was lower for hydrochloric acid (HA) and sulphuric acid (SA). The lower yield was attributed to the possible formation of sugar degradation compounds during acid pretreatment. Therefore, NA pretreatment was found suitable for mixed biomass compared to other acids. Further studies are required to understand the effect of NA pretreatment through a detailed study of liquid hydrolysate and the introduction of the saccharification process. Mixed biomass benefits the biorefinery industries for sustainable bioenergy production